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These infections are resilient and difficult to eradicate, as the bacteria form biofilm, a community of bacteria held together by an extracellular matrix. Compared to bacteria that are planktonic, bacteria in a biofilm are more resistant to antibiotics. The mechanism behind how bacteria develop this resistance and establish a chronic infection is unknown. We demonstrate that\n            <jats:italic>mazEF<\/jats:italic>\n            , a toxin-antitoxin gene, inhibits biofilm formation and promotes biofilm antibiotic tolerance which allows\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            to transition from an acute to chronic infection that cannot be eradicated with antibiotics but is less virulent. This gene not only makes the bacteria more tolerant to antibiotics but makes the bacteria more tolerant to the host.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01658-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T12:03:27Z","timestamp":1574683407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["The Toxin-Antitoxin MazEF Drives Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation, Antibiotic Tolerance, and Chronic Infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Dongzhu","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Arthroplasty Design Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan B.","family":"Mandell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Arthroplasty Design Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niles P.","family":"Donegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambrose L.","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Arthroplasty Design Group, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Rothenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7699-5396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert M. 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