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Gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3) is produced in the host to inhibit the proliferation of this parasite and eventually cause its death. Unlike mouse disease models, which involve well-characterized virulence strategies that are used by<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>to suppress IFN-\u03b3-dependent immunity, the strategies used by<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>in humans remain unclear. Here, we show that GRA15, a<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>effector protein, suppresses the IFN-\u03b3-induced indole-2,3-dioxygenase 1-dependent antiparasite immune response in human cells. Because NLRP3-dependent production of IL-1\u03b2 and nitric oxide (NO) in<jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>-infected human cells is involved in the GRA15-dependent virulence mechanism, blocking NO or IL-1\u03b2 production in the host could represent a novel therapeutic approach for treating human toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01738-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]],"date-time":"2018-10-08T13:23:12Z","timestamp":1539004992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Is a Key Host Factor for<i>Toxoplasma<\/i>GRA15-Dependent Disruption of the Gamma Interferon-Induced Antiparasitic Human Response"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hironori","family":"Bando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoya","family":"Sakaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"Pradipta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Su","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Zoonoses, The Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfa","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Pathogenic Biology, Medical College of Ningbo University, Ningbo City, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jilong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoonoses, The Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshifumi","family":"Nishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miwa","family":"Sasai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunoparasitology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans.","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dubey JP. 2010. 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