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Here, we investigated the transcriptional response of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the causative agent of gonorrhea, to L-lactate and glucose, two important carbon sources found in the host environment. Our study revealed extensive transcriptional changes that gonococci make in response to L-lactate, with 37% of the gonococcal transcriptome being regulated, compared to only 9% by glucose. We found that L-lactate induces a transcriptional program that would negatively impact iron transport, potentially limiting the availability of labile iron, which would be important in the face of the multiple hydrogen peroxide attacks encountered by gonococci during its lifecycle. Furthermore, we found that L-lactate-mediated transcriptional response promoted aerobic respiration and dispersal of biofilms, contrasting with an anaerobic condition previously reported to favor biofilm formation. Our findings suggest an intricate interplay between carbon metabolism, iron homeostasis, biofilm formation, and stress response in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , providing insights into its pathogenesis and identifying potential therapeutic targets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Gonorrhea is a prevalent sexually transmitted infection caused by the human pathogen\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                        , with ca. 82 million cases reported worldwide annually. The rise of antibiotic resistance in\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                        poses a significant public health threat, highlighting the urgent need for alternative treatment strategies. By elucidating how\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                        responds to host-derived carbon sources such as L-lactate and glucose, this study offers insights into the metabolic adaptations crucial for bacterial survival and virulence during infection. Understanding these adaptations provides a foundation for developing novel therapeutic approaches targeting bacterial metabolism, iron homeostasis, and virulence gene expression. Moreover, the findings reported herein regarding biofilm formation and L-lactate transport and metabolism contribute to our understanding of\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                        pathogenesis, offering potential avenues for preventing and treating gonorrhea infections.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01761-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T09:03:27Z","timestamp":1721120607000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Transcriptional responses of\n                    <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n                    to glucose and lactate: implications for resistance to oxidative damage and biofilm formation"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9998-3091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio C.","family":"Ayala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, USA"]},{"name":"Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline T.","family":"Balthazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9303-8777","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William M.","family":"Shafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, USA"]},{"name":"Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, USA"]},{"name":"Laboratories of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Veterans Affairs Medical Center","place":["Decatur, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.31.4.246"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","volume-title":"Sexually transmitted infections surveillance","author":"Bachmann L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bachmann L. 2022. CDC\u2019s 2022 STI surveillance report underscores that STIs must be a public health priority, U.S.D.o.H.a.H. services. In Sexually transmitted infections surveillance. Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.2.499-504.1988"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.881392"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.EI10-0009-2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090816-093530"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5758387"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000394"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.169"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00077"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00166-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00036-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-51"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00156-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01265-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05478.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-35"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008233"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01530-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1996.0008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1002019420453"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00117-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000246800.38892.fc"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.120.2.702-714.1974"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","volume-title":"Physiology and metabolism of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, U.S.A.M.R.a.D. command","author":"Morse SA","year":"1976","unstructured":"Morse SA. 1976. 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