{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:04:55Z","timestamp":1787508295751,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24K10203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24K10203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24K08690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24K08690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP22K07073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22K07073"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21K07011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K07011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23H02718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23H02718"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23K18223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K18223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Typhimurium (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Tm) is an etiological agent of common foodborne diseases and a major health concern worldwide.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Tm gastrointestinal infection induces intestinal inflammation, allowing\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Tm outgrowth in the gut lumen by exploiting inflammation-induced host factors. Polyamines, including putrescine and spermidine, are crucial for both intestinal homeostasis and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Tm infectivity. However, our understanding of polyamines\u2019 role in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Tm infection remains incomplete. This study aimed to elucidate that role. We found that defects in polyamine uptake\u2012dependent homeostasis altered the expression profiles of genes involved in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Tm flagellar motility and nitrate respiration. Spermidine supplementation restored the expression of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">nar<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">nap<\/jats:italic>\n                      operons, which encode distinct nitrate reductases, in an\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Tm mutant with impaired polyamine homeostasis. Thus, the polyamine homeostasis-defective\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Tm mutant exhibited reduced nitrate respiration, which spermidine supplementation rescued. In contrast, both putrescine and spermidine partially reversed the impaired expression of flagellin in this mutant. Additionally, the mutant exhibited a higher proportion of nonmotile cells compared with the wild-type strain. Finally, we demonstrated that the reduced gut colonization of this mutant was due to decreased nitrate respiration and flagellar motility. Moreover, polyamine supplementation enhanced the luminal growth of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S<\/jats:italic>\n                      Tm and a pathobiont,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Our findings reveal that intestinal luminal polyamines support the growth of enteric bacterial pathogens in the intestinal tract.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microbiota-derived metabolites play crucial roles in gastrointestinal infections caused by enteric pathogens. One notable example is short-chain fatty acids, such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which are beneficial for health and protective against infection. This study highlights that the gut microbiota\u2012derived polyamine spermidine drives luminal growth of enteric bacterial pathogens. The findings suggest that higher luminal levels of polyamines may be a risk factor for enteric infections. Therefore, regulating luminal polyamines could represent a promising therapeutic intervention for gastrointestinal infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01786-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T13:00:26Z","timestamp":1754917226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Intestinal luminal polyamines support the gut colonization of enteric bacterial pathogens by modulating flagellar motility and nitrate respiration"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3563-2991","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Miki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f2txz25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Kurihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05kt9ap64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University","place":["Wakayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Uemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021r6aq66","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratory of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University","place":["Saitama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Ami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05kt9ap64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University","place":["Wakayama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f2txz25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7506-4530","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Haneda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f2txz25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takemitsu","family":"Furuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021r6aq66","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Laboratory of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University","place":["Saitama, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiko","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f2txz25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8175-1951","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tohru","family":"Minamino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035t8zc32","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University","place":["Osaka, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Gi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f2txz25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University","place":["Tokyo, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072788"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.7.4138-4150.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002810"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12739"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09415"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00960-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01118.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050244"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00072-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R116.731661"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.49.1.81-99.1985"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1993.1009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54780-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00000852"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00233"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2010.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2017.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.163154"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076170"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.307835"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1494466"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat0062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04548"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.8.1385"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1225"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023652"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01157-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118739"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1832857"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2008.06126.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036149"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.01.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2019.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127605"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103151"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002731"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2022-011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03790.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2010.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00143-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00351-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00280-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvj020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.esp-0011-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003267"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232467"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(94)90460-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.11.2.250-254.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00430-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9949"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00484-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.13.3865-3869.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-2332-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/291238a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.120163297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(98)70019-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.5.2839-2858.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001509"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0201-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw419"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M402760200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00184-22"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mbio.01786-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mbio.01786-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T13:03:25Z","timestamp":1757509405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mbio.01786-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Craig R.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mbio.01786-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.01786-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01786-25"}}