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The adaptability of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      to oxidative stress is a prerequisite for its proliferation and even for exerting its virulence. Protein acetylation is a reversible and conserved regulatory mechanism enabling bacteria to rapidly respond to external environmental stressors. However, the functions of protein acetylation in regulating oxidative stress adaptability of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      are still unknown. Here, we unveil the impact of acetyltransferase ActA-mediated acetylation on regulating the oxidative stress response of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans. actA<\/jats:italic>\n                      overexpression increased the sensitivity of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      to hydrogen peroxide and diminished its competitive ability against\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus sanguinis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In contrast,\n                      <jats:italic>actA<\/jats:italic>\n                      deletion enhanced oxidative stress tolerance and competitiveness of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The mass spectrometric analysis identified pyruvate kinase (PykF) as a substrate of ActA, with its acetylation impairing its enzymatic activity and reducing pyruvate production. Supplementation with exogenous pyruvate mitigated oxidative stress sensitivity and restored competitiveness in multi-species biofilms.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      acetylation analysis further confirmed that ActA directly acetylates PykF, negatively affecting its enzymatic activity. Moreover, 18 potential lysine-acetylated sites on PykF were identified\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which account for 75% of lysine-acetylated sites detected\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Taken together, our study elucidates a novel regulatory mechanism of ActA-mediated acetylation of PykF in modulating oxidative stress adaptability of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      by influencing pyruvate production, providing insights into the importance of protein acetylation in microbial environmental adaptability and interspecies interactions within dental biofilms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dental caries poses a significant challenge to global oral health, driven by microbial dysbiosis within dental biofilms. The pathogenicity of\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a major cariogenic bacterium, is closely linked to its ability to adapt to changing environments and cellular stresses. Our investigation into the protein acetylation mechanisms, particularly through the acetyltransferase ActA, reveals a critical pathway by which\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      modulates its adaptability to oxidative stress, the dominant stressor within dental biofilms. By elucidating how ActA affects the oxidative stress adaptability and competitiveness of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      through the regulatory axis of ActA-PykF-pyruvate, our findings provide insights into the dynamic interplay between cariogenic and commensal bacteria within dental biofilms. This work emphasizes the significance of protein acetylation in bacterial stress response and competitiveness, opening avenues for the development of novel strategies to maintain oral microbial balance within dental biofilms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01839-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T09:02:12Z","timestamp":1725872532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["ActA-mediated PykF acetylation negatively regulates oxidative stress adaptability of\n                    <i>Streptococcus mutans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4247-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qizhao","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral 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