{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:31:26Z","timestamp":1790677886454,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,26]],"date-time":"2016-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]],"date-time":"2016-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The ESKAPE (\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    species) pathogens cause an increasing number of nosocomial infections worldwide since they escape the inhibitory effect of the available antibiotics and the immune response. Here, we report the broad-spectrum and potent antibacterial activity of Kisameet clay, a natural clay mineral from British Columbia, Canada, against a group of multidrug-resistant ESKAPE strains. The results suggest that this natural clay might be developed as a therapeutic option for the treatment of serious infections caused by these important pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    More than 50 years of misuse and overuse of antibiotics has led to a plague of antibiotic resistance that threatens to reduce the efficacy of antimicrobial agents available for the treatment of infections due to resistant organisms. The main threat is nosocomial infections in which certain pathogens, notably the ESKAPE organisms, are essentially untreatable and contribute to increasing mortality and morbidity in surgical wards. The pipeline of novel antimicrobials in the pharmaceutical industry is essentially empty. Thus, there is a great need to seek for new sources for the treatment of recalcitrant infectious diseases. We describe experiments that demonstrate the efficacy of a \u201cnatural\u201d medicine, Kisameet clay, against all of the ESKAPE strains. We suggest that this material is worthy of clinical investigation for the treatment of infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01842-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,26]],"date-time":"2016-01-26T20:09:47Z","timestamp":1453838987000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Kisameet Clay Exhibits Potent Antibacterial Activity against the ESKAPE Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shekooh","family":"Behroozian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/533452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.13.12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Handbook of clay science. Developments in clay science","author":"Brigatti MF","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brigatti MF, Gal\u00e1n E, Theng BKG. 2006. Structure and mineralogy of clay minerals, p 21\u201381. In Bergaya F, Theng BKG, Lagaly G (ed), Handbook of clay science. Developments in clay science, vol 1. Elsevier Ltd, Amsterdam, Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-1317(01)00085-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-4352(05)01024-X","volume-title":"Handbook of clay science. Developments in clay science","author":"Carretero MI","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carretero MI, Gomes CSF, Tateo F. 2006. Clays and human health, p 717\u2013741. In Bergaya F, Theng BKG, Lagaly G (ed), Handbook of clay science. Developments in clay science, vol 1. Elsevier Ltd, Amsterdam, Netherlands."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"178","volume-title":"Problems of Clay and Laterite Genesis Symposium at Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers","author":"Hauser EA","year":"1952","unstructured":"Hauser EA. 1952. Kisameet Bay clay deposit, p 178\u2013190. In Problems of Clay and Laterite Genesis Symposium at Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, St. Louis, MO."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"979","article-title":"Canamin clay and its properties","volume":"34","author":"Hauser EA","year":"1950","unstructured":"Hauser EA. 1950. Canamin clay and its properties. Can Chem Process Ind 34:979.","journal-title":"Can Chem Process Ind"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"230","article-title":"Curative properties of rare earths found in B.C. peloid deposits","volume":"22","author":"Ure W","year":"1946","unstructured":"Ure W, Harris JA. 1946. Curative properties of rare earths found in B.C. peloid deposits. Bull Vanc Med Assoc 22:230\u2013237.","journal-title":"Bull Vanc Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es1040688"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.2008.0560405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm468"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.10.2119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/W07-062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2011.03016.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01129-15"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.01842-15","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.01842-15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T21:06:07Z","timestamp":1646687167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.01842-15"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Blaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.01842-15"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.01842-15","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.726105897.793520694","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-2129","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-11-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-12-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-01-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01842-15"}}