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However, the timing and stimuli that regulate mRNA editing have been poorly characterized. Here, we utilized a pleomorphic\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain and quantitative RT-PCR and droplet digital PCR analyses to evaluate the changes in total mRNA abundance and editing as parasites progressively differentiate from slender BSF to PCF and investigate the effect of individual stimuli on mitochondrial gene expression. We observed little change during the slender-to-stumpy BSF transition. Rather, we found that mainly the mitochondrial cytochrome (COI, COII, COIII, and CYb) mRNAs are upregulated within 24 h after stumpy BSF is stimulated to differentiate to PCF\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and during\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    tsetse fly infections. Temperature reduction from 37\u00b0C to 27\u00b0C is a critical factor for increasing the editing of COII and COIII mRNAs and COIV protein expression but not the editing of CYb mRNA or RISP protein expression. We further demonstrate that the depletion of the differentiation-repressive kinase RDK1 couples with temperature reduction to stimulate COII mRNA editing, and the accessory factor p22 is required for the cold-responsive upregulation of COII mRNA editing. Overall, we show that cytochrome mRNAs are regulated during development by distinct stimuli through a variety of methods to increase their abundance and\/or editing.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                      is the unicellular parasite that causes African sleeping sickness and nagana disease in livestock. The parasite has a complex life cycle consisting of several developmental forms in the human and tsetse fly insect vector. Both the mammalian and insect hosts provide different nutritional environments, so\n                      <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                      must adapt its metabolism to promote its survival and to complete its life cycle. As\n                      <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                      is transmitted from the human host to the fly, the parasite must regulate its mitochondrial gene expression through a process called uridine insertion\/deletion editing to achieve mRNAs capable of being translated into functional respiratory chain proteins required for energy production in the insect host. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanisms by which\n                      <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                      regulates mitochondrial gene expression during transmission from the mammalian host to the insect vector.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01854-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T09:02:03Z","timestamp":1696496523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Developmental dynamics of mitochondrial mRNA abundance and editing reveal roles for temperature and the differentiation-repressive kinase RDK1 in cytochrome oxidase subunit II mRNA editing"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1398-1798","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Joseph 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Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1235-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurie K.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York, 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