{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:42:26Z","timestamp":1793122946669,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,10]],"date-time":"2020-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603756800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31003A_182464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31003A_182464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Repurposing existing, clinically approved, antiviral drugs as COVID-19 therapeutics is a rapid way to help combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Interferons (IFNs) usually form part of the body\u2019s natural innate immune defenses against viruses, and they have been used with partial success to treat previous new viral threats, such as HIV, hepatitis C virus, and Ebola virus. Nevertheless, IFNs can have undesirable side effects, and recent reports indicate that IFNs upregulate the expression of host ACE2 (a critical entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2), raising the possibility that IFN treatments could exacerbate COVID-19. Here, we studied the antiviral- and ACE2-inducing properties of different IFN types in both a human lung cell line model and primary human bronchial epithelial cells. We observed differences between IFNs with respect to their induction of antiviral genes and abilities to enhance the cell surface expression of ACE2. Nevertheless, all the IFNs limited SARS-CoV-2 replication, suggesting that their antiviral actions can counterbalance increased ACE2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01928-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,14]],"date-time":"2020-09-14T14:36:30Z","timestamp":1600094190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Antiviral Activity of Type I, II, and III Interferons Counterbalances ACE2 Inducibility and Restricts SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Idoia","family":"Busnadiego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Fernbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Life Science Zurich Graduate School, ETH and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie O.","family":"Pohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umut","family":"Karakus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Trkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Stertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3891-9480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin G.","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2020. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) situation report. World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0688-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.24.15511-15524.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.20105114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.58040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2020.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa332"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31042-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC120.013788"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107863"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00985-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.33354"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.01928-20","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.01928-20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T03:07:37Z","timestamp":1646708857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.01928-20"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Palese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.01928-20"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.01928-20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-2129","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e01928-20"}}