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Here, we use negative stain electron microscopy polyclonal epitope mapping (nsEMPEM) to structurally characterize the humoral IgG antibody responses to hemagglutinin (HA) from human patients vaccinated with a seasonal quadrivalent flu vaccine or infected with influenza A viruses. Our data show that both vaccinated and infected patients had humoral IgGs targeting highly conserved regions on both H1 and H3 subtype HAs, including the stem and anchor, which are targets for universal influenza vaccine design. Responses against H1 predominantly targeted the central stem epitope in infected patients and vaccinated donors, whereas head epitopes were more prominently targeted on H3. Responses against H3 were less abundant, but a greater diversity of H3 epitopes were targeted relative to H1. While our analysis is limited by sample size, on average, vaccinated donors responded to a greater diversity of epitopes on both H1 and H3 than infected patients. These data establish a baseline for assessing polyclonal antibody responses in vaccination and infection, providing a context for future vaccine trials and emphasizing the need for further characterization of protective responses toward conserved epitopes. (201 words)<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>Seasonal influenza viruses cause hundreds of thousands of deaths each year and up to a billion infections; under the proper circumstances, influenza A viruses with pandemic potential could threaten the lives of millions more. The variable efficacies of traditional influenza virus vaccines and the desire to prevent pandemic influenzas have motivated work toward finding a universal flu vaccine. Many promising universal flu vaccine candidates currently focus on guiding immune responses to highly conserved epitopes on the central stem of the influenza hemagglutinin viral fusion protein. To support the further development of these stem-targeting vaccine candidates, in this study, we use negative stain electron microscopy to assess the prevalence of central stem-targeting antibodies in individuals who were exposed to influenza antigens through traditional vaccination and\/or natural infection during the 2018\u20132019 flu season.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02030-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T09:00:47Z","timestamp":1738832447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Structural mapping of polyclonal IgG responses to HA after influenza virus vaccination or infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5926-8966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute","place":["San Diego, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alesandra J.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute","place":["San Diego, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara T.","family":"Richey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute","place":["San Diego, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Torrents de la Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute","place":["San Diego, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachael M.","family":"Wolters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University","place":["Nashville, USA"]},{"name":"Oregon Health & Science University","place":["Portland, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail M.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute","place":["San Diego, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University","place":["Nashville, USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. 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