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Homology modeling based on the crystal structure of liganded\n            <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>\n            OppA4 revealed that each OBP likely binds a distinct range of peptides. Transcriptional analyses demonstrated that the OBPs are differentially and independently regulated whereas the permeases and NBDs are constitutively expressed. A conditional NBD mutant failed to divide in the absence of inducer and replicated in an IPTG (isopropyl-\u03b2-\n            <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n            -thiogalactopyranoside) concentration-dependent manner. NBD mutants grown without IPTG exhibited an elongated morphotype lacking division septa, often with flattening at the cell center due to the absence of flagellar filaments. Following cultivation in dialysis membrane chambers, NBD mutants recovered from rats not receiving IPTG also displayed an elongated morphotype. The NBD mutant was avirulent by needle inoculation, but infectivity was partially restored by oral administration of IPTG to infected mice. We conclude that peptides are a major source of AAs for\n            <jats:italic>B.\u00a0burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            both\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            and that peptide uptake is essential for regulation of morphogenesis, cell division, and virulence.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            , the causative agent of Lyme disease, is an extreme amino acid (AA) auxotroph with a limited repertoire of annotated single-AA transporters. A major issue is how the spirochete meets its AA requirements as it transits between its arthropod vector and mammalian reservoir. While previous studies have confirmed that the\n            <jats:italic>B.\u00a0burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n            oligopeptide transport (\n            <jats:italic>opp<\/jats:italic>\n            ) system is capable of importing peptides, the importance of the system for viability and pathogenesis has not been established. Here, we evaluated the\n            <jats:italic>opp<\/jats:italic>\n            system structurally and transcriptionally to elucidate its ability to import a wide range of peptides during the spirochete\u2019s enzootic cycle. Additionally, using a novel mutagenesis strategy to abrogate\n            <jats:italic>opp<\/jats:italic>\n            transporter function, we demonstrated that peptide uptake is essential for bacterial viability, morphogenesis, and infectivity. Our studies revealed a novel link between borrelial physiology and virulence and suggest that peptide uptake serves an intracellular signaling function regulating morphogenesis and division.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02047-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T13:51:59Z","timestamp":1515160319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Peptide Uptake Is Essential for\n            <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n            Viability and Involves Structural and Regulatory Complexity of its Oligopeptide Transporter"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Groshong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, 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