{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:13:42Z","timestamp":1785413622974,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["206194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-005870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-005870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) is an infectious wasting disease of economically important livestock caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. parasites. The disease is primarily caused by two species:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma congolense<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma vivax,<\/jats:italic>\n                      which are endemic in many African countries. AAT is managed by therapeutic and prophylactic drugs; however, resistance is now widely reported, and the development of new drugs has been impeded due to a chronic lack of investment. Recently, we identified an invariant flagellar-associated cell surface protein (IFX) that could elicit protective immune responses when used as a vaccine against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      . We showed that a complement-recruiting anti-IFX monoclonal antibody can prevent infection when used prophylactically. Here, we show that this same unmodified antibody can be used to cure\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections in a murine experimental model. Importantly, we show that infections can be treated with a single dose and demonstrate full cure by the lack of detectable parasites in peripheral tissues even after immunosuppression. Using structural modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we localize the protective antibody epitope, thereby identifying targetable regions on IFX to improve vaccine design. Together, these findings validate IFX as both a prophylactic and curative drug target that could be useful in the management of AAT.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:sec>\n                      <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                        is a parasite that causes animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT), a chronic wasting disease that infects economically important livestock animals, which is a particular problem in African countries south of the Sahara. The impact of this disease is significant: it is responsible for over 3 million cattle deaths and an estimated $4.5 billion of annual lost productivity. There is a desperate need to develop new control measures because resistance is now widely reported to the drugs commonly used to treat this infection. We show here that a single dose of an unmodified monoclonal antibody that recognizes IFX\u2014a parasite cell surface protein localized to the flagellum\u2014is sufficient to cure an established\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                        infection with no parasite reservoirs detectable in peripheral tissues. Our finding validates IFX as a new drug target and provides a rationale route to the development of new drugs to target AAT.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:sec>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02064-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T13:00:21Z","timestamp":1760965221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cure of experimental\n                    <i>Trypanosoma vivax<\/i>\n                    infection with a single dose of an unmodified antibody-based drug targeting the invariant flagellum cell surface protein IFX"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Delphine","family":"Autheman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xx2ne27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York","place":["York, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xx2ne27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York","place":["York, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xx2ne27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York","place":["York, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Clare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cy4wa09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wellcome Sanger Institute","place":["Hinxton, United Kingdom"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013meh722","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cordelia","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cy4wa09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wellcome Sanger Institute","place":["Hinxton, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Harcourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05cy4wa09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Wellcome Sanger Institute","place":["Hinxton, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0537-0863","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gavin J.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xx2ne27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York","place":["York, United Kingdom"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03yr0pg70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York","place":["York, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjac018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-521X(98)00086-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v76i1.57"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/169506a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","first-page":"634","article-title":"4, 4\u2019-Diamidino-diazoaminobenzene, a new agent in the treatment of trypanosomiasis and babesiasis","volume":"5","author":"Jensch H","year":"1955","unstructured":"Jensch H. 1955. 4, 4\u2019-Diamidino-diazoaminobenzene, a new agent in the treatment of trypanosomiasis and babesiasis. 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