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Adequate and timely antimicrobial treatment invariably cures typhoid fever. The increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi severely limits the treatment options. We studied whole-genome sequences (WGS) of 536\n            <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n            . Typhi isolates collected in Bangladesh between 1999 and 2013 and compared those sequences with data from a recent outbreak in Pakistan and a laboratory surveillance in Nepal. The analysis suggests that multiple ancestral origins of resistance against ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone are present in three countries. Such independent genetic events and subsequent dissemination could enhance the risk of a rapid global spread of these highly resistant clones. Given the current treatment challenges, vaccination seems to be the most appropriate short-term intervention to reduce the disease burden of typhoid fever at a time of increasing AMR.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02112-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T08:37:05Z","timestamp":1542011825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["<i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n            Serovar Typhi in Bangladesh: Exploration of Genomic Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Arif M.","family":"Tanmoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Fondation M\u00e9rieux and Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM, Lyon, France"},{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Westeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation M\u00e9rieux and Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrien","family":"De Bruyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Maths, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Goris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Maths, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Rajoharison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation M\u00e9rieux and Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad S. 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