{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T05:25:13Z","timestamp":1772342713057,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,6]],"date-time":"2015-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]],"date-time":"2015-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT\u2002<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rapidly growing number of botulinum neurotoxin sequences poses the problem of the possible evolutionary significance of the variability of these superpotent neurotoxins for toxin-producing Clostridium species. To progress in the understanding of this remarkable phenomenon, we suggest that researchers should (i) abandon an anthropocentric view of these neurotoxins as human botulism-causing agents or as human therapeutics, (ii) begin to investigate in depth the role of botulinum neurotoxins in animal botulism in the wilderness, and (iii) devote large efforts to next-generation sequencing of soil samples to identify novel botulinum neurotoxins. In order to compare the fitness of the different toxins, we suggest that assays of all the steps from toxin production to animal death should be performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02131-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]],"date-time":"2015-01-07T03:55:50Z","timestamp":1420602950000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["On Botulinum Neurotoxin Variability"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Cesare","family":"Montecucco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Berica","family":"Rasotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"The structure of scientific revolutions","author":"Kuhn TS","year":"1962","unstructured":"Kuhn TS. 1962. The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Federal Register. 2012. Possession use and transfer of select agents and toxins; biennial review. Final rule. Fed Regist 77:61083\u201361115. http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/FR-2012-10-05\/html\/2012-24389.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Scott AB Rosenbaum A Collins CC. 1973. Pharmacologic weakening of extraocular muscles. Invest Ophthalmol 12:924\u2013927."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schantz EJ Johnson EA. 1992. Properties and use of botulinum toxin and other microbial neurotoxins in medicine. Microbiol Rev 56:80\u201399.","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.1.80-99.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2004.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"Smith LD Sugiyama H. 1988. Botulism: the organism its toxins the disease. Charles C. Thomas Publishers Springfield IL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(07)01511-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"221","article-title":"Another type of Clostridium botulinum","volume":"215","author":"Gimenez DF","year":"1970","unstructured":"Gimenez DF, Ciccarelli AS. 1970. Another type of Clostridium botulinum. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig 215:221\u2013224.","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/2338"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/78005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.051908.125345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2014.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M703619200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2012.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33570-9_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1380-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00775-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/372415a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.12.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33570-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi200290p"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2013.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00308-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","volume-title":"Avian botulism. An international perspective","author":"Eklund MW","year":"1987","unstructured":"Eklund MW, Dowell VR. 1987. Avian botulism. An international perspective. Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Springfield, IL."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horowitz BZ. 2010. Type E botulism. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 48:880\u2013895. doi:10.3109\/15563650.2010.526943.","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.526943"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.82303","volume-title":"On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life","author":"Darwin C","year":"1859","unstructured":"Darwin C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray, London, United Kingdom."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1266\/jjg.66.367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.11.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00536-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33570-9_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33570-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2006.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-9053-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109846"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohishi I Iwasaki M Sakaguchi G. 1980. Purification and characterization of two components of botulinum C2 toxin. Infect Immun 30:668\u2013673.","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.30.3.668-673.1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33570-9_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb879"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01654.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00775-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.12.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.05.004"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.02131-14","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.02131-14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T03:21:36Z","timestamp":1650943296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.02131-14"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"R. John","family":"Collier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.02131-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.02131-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-2129","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-01-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02131-14"}}