{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T10:27:10Z","timestamp":1789900030904,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]],"date-time":"2016-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]],"date-time":"2016-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Immunoassays are currently needed to quantify\n Loa loa<\/jats:italic>\n microfilariae (mf)\n .<\/jats:italic>\n To address this need, we have conducted proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of proteins present in the urine of a\n Loa<\/jats:italic>\n mf-infected patient and used this information to identify putative biomarkers produced by\n L.\u00a0loa<\/jats:italic>\n mf. In total, 70 of the 15,444 described putative\n L.\u00a0loa<\/jats:italic>\n proteins were identified. Of these 70, 18 were\n L.\u00a0loa<\/jats:italic>\n mf specific, and 2 of these 18 (LOAG_16297 and LOAG_17808) were biologically immunogenic. We developed novel reverse luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) immunoassays to quantify these 2 proteins in individual plasma samples. Levels of these 2 proteins in microfilaremic\n L.\u00a0loa<\/jats:italic>\n -infected patients were positively correlated to mf densities in the corresponding blood samples (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.71 and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.0001 for LOAG_16297 and\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.61 and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0002 for LOAG_17808). For LOAG_16297, the levels in plasma were significantly higher in\n Loa<\/jats:italic>\n -infected (geometric mean [GM], 0.045\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml) than in uninfected (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.0001),\n Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:named-content>\n -infected (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0005), and\n Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:named-content>\n -infected (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.0001) individuals, whereas for LOAG_17808 protein, they were not significantly different between\n Loa<\/jats:italic>\n -infected (GM, 0.123\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml) and uninfected (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.06) and\n W.\u00a0bancrofti<\/jats:italic>\n -infected (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.32) individuals. Moreover, only LOAG_16297 showed clear discriminative ability between\n L. loa<\/jats:italic>\n and the other potentially coendemic filariae. Indeed, the specificity of the LOAG_16297 reverse LIPS assay was 96% (with a sensitivity of 77%). Thus, LOAG_16297 is a very promising biomarker that will be exploited in a quantitative point-of-care immunoassay for determination of\n L.\u00a0loa<\/jats:italic>\n mf densities.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n Loa loa<\/jats:italic>\n , the causative agent of loiasis, is a parasitic nematode transmitted to humans by the tabanid\n Chrysops<\/jats:italic>\n fly. Some individuals infected with\n L.\u00a0loa<\/jats:italic>\n microfilariae (mf) in high densities are known to experience post-ivermectin severe adverse events (SAEs [encephalopathy, coma, or death]). Thus, ivermectin-based mass drug administration (MDA) programs for onchocerciasis and for lymphatic filariasis control have been interrupted in parts of Africa where these filarial infections coexist with\n L.\u00a0loa<\/jats:italic>\n . To allow for implementation of MDA for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, tools that can accurately identify people at risk of developing post-ivermectin SAEs are needed. Our study, using host-based proteomics in combination with novel immunoassays, identified a single\n Loa<\/jats:italic>\n -specific antigen (LOAG_16297) that can be used as a biomarker for the prediction of\n L.\u00a0loa<\/jats:italic>\n mf levels in the blood of infected patients. Therefore, the use of such biomarker could be important in the point-of-care assessment of\n L.\u00a0loa<\/jats:italic>\n mf densities.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02132-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]],"date-time":"2016-02-17T02:21:45Z","timestamp":1455675705000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Identification and Validation of\n Loa loa<\/i>\n Microfilaria-Specific Biomarkers: a Rational Design Approach Using Proteomics and Novel Immunoassays"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Papa M.","family":"Drame","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaojing","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasisekhar","family":"Bennuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesica A.","family":"Herrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Veenstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 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