{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:04:59Z","timestamp":1788825899202,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]],"date-time":"2016-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]],"date-time":"2016-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN2722009000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN2722009000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EF-0813066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EF-0813066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"DOC | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SO660009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SO660009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n An outbreak of cholera occurred in 1991 in Mexico, where it had not been reported for more than a century and is now endemic.\n Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n O1 prototype El Tor and classical strains coexist with altered El Tor strains (1991 to 1997). Nontoxigenic (CTX\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n )\n V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n El Tor dominated toxigenic (CTX\n +<\/jats:sup>\n ) strains (2001 to 2003), but\n V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n CTX\n +<\/jats:sup>\n variant El Tor was isolated during 2004 to 2008, outcompeting CTX\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n . Genomes of six Mexican\n V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n O1 strains isolated during 1991 to 2008 were sequenced and compared with both contemporary and archived strains of\n V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n . Three were CTX\n +<\/jats:sup>\n El Tor, two were CTX\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n El Tor, and the remaining strain was a CTX\n +<\/jats:sup>\n classical isolate. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed the six isolates belonged to five distinct phylogenetic clades. One CTX\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n isolate is ancestral to the 6th and 7th pandemic CTX\n +<\/jats:sup>\n V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n isolates. The other CTX\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n isolate joined with CTX\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n non-O1\/O139 isolates from Haiti and seroconverted O1 isolates from Brazil and Amazonia. One CTX\n +<\/jats:sup>\n isolate was phylogenetically placed with the sixth pandemic classical clade and the\n V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n O395 classical reference strain. Two CTX\n +<\/jats:sup>\n El Tor isolates possessing intact\n Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n seventh pandemic island II (VSP-II) are related to hybrid El Tor isolates from Mozambique and Bangladesh. The third CTX\n +<\/jats:sup>\n El Tor isolate contained West African-South American (WASA) recombination in VSP-II and showed relatedness to isolates from Peru and Brazil. Except for one isolate, all Mexican isolates lack SXT\/R391 integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) and sensitivity to selected antibiotics, with one isolate resistant to streptomycin. No isolates were related to contemporary isolates from Asia, Africa, or Haiti, indicating phylogenetic diversity.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n Sequencing of genomes of\n V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n is critical if genetic changes occurring over time in the circulating population of an area of endemicity are to be understood. Although cholera outbreaks occurred rarely in Mexico prior to the 1990s, genetically diverse\n V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n O1 strains were isolated between 1991 and 2008. Despite the lack of strong evidence, the notion that cholera was transmitted from Africa to Latin America has been proposed in the literature. In this study, we have applied whole-genome sequence analysis to a set of 124\n V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n strains, including six Mexican isolates, to determine their phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the six\n V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n O1 isolates belong to five phylogenetic clades: i.e., basal, nontoxigenic, classical, El Tor, and hybrid El Tor. Thus, the results of phylogenetic analysis, coupled with CTX\u03d5 array and antibiotic susceptibility, do not support single-source transmission of cholera to Mexico from African countries. The association of indigenous populations of\n V. cholerae<\/jats:named-content>\n that has been observed in this study suggests it plays a significant role in the dynamics of cholera in Mexico.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02160-15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,16]],"date-time":"2016-03-16T01:29:45Z","timestamp":1458091785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Phylogenetic Diversity of Vibrio cholerae Associated with Endemic Cholera in Mexico from 1991 to 2008"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Seon Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"CosmosID, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shah M.","family":"Rashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur A.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CosmosID, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Center of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland Institute of Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munirul","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarequl","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdus","family":"Sadique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema-Tuz","family":"Johura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Eppinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (STCEID), University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0851-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Ravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwar","family":"Huq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cravioto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Evaluative Sciences USA, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita R.","family":"Colwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"CosmosID, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Center of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland Institute of Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15328-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.1.48"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"1843","article-title":"The cholera epidemic in Latin America","volume":"112","author":"Olsvik O","year":"1992","unstructured":"Olsvik O. 1992. 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The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. 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