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Gre factors, which are also known as transcript cleavage factors or transcription elongation factors, relieve back-tracked transcription elongation complexes by cleaving nascent RNAs, which allows transcription to resume after stalling. Here we discovered that loss of both Gre factors in\n              <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n              , GreA and GreB, significantly compromised \u00b7NO detoxification due to \u00b7NO-induced phenotypic heterogeneity in \u0394\n              <jats:italic>greA<\/jats:italic>\n              \u0394\n              <jats:italic>greB<\/jats:italic>\n              populations, which did not occur in wild-type cultures. Under normal culturing conditions, both wild-type and \u0394\n              <jats:italic>greA<\/jats:italic>\n              \u0394\n              <jats:italic>greB<\/jats:italic>\n              synthesized transcripts uniformly, whereas treatment with \u00b7NO led to bimodal transcript levels in \u0394\n              <jats:italic>greA<\/jats:italic>\n              \u0394\n              <jats:italic>greB<\/jats:italic>\n              that were unimodal in wild-type. Interestingly, exposure to another toxic metabolite of phagosomes, hydrogen peroxide (H\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              O\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              ), produced analogous results. Furthermore, we showed that loss of Gre factors led to cheating under \u00b7NO stress where transcriptionally deficient cells benefited from the detoxification activities of the transcriptionally proficient subpopulation. Collectively, these results show that loss of Gre factor activities produces phenotypic heterogeneity under \u00b7NO and H\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              O\n              <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n              stress that can yield cheating between subpopulations.\n            <\/jats:p>\n            <jats:sec>\n              <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>\n                Toxic metabolite stress occurs in a broad range of contexts that are important to human health, microbial ecology, and biotechnology, whereas Gre factors are highly conserved throughout the bacterial kingdom. Here we discovered that loss of Gre factors in\n                <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                leads to phenotypic heterogeneity under \u00b7NO and H\n                <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                O\n                <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                stress, which we further show with \u00b7NO results in cheating between subpopulations. Collectively, these data suggest that Gre factors play a role in coping with toxic metabolite stress, and that loss of Gre factors can produce cheating between neighbors.\n              <\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02229-24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T13:02:12Z","timestamp":1725886932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Loss of Gre factors leads to phenotypic heterogeneity and cheating in\n            <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n            populations under nitric oxide stress"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3011-2997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darshan M.","family":"Sivaloganathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0177-2013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuanqing","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0912-5795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5707-8894","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark P.","family":"Brynildsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12439"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Traffic","author":"Haas A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haas A. 2007. 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