{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T09:56:34Z","timestamp":1776419794711,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]],"date-time":"2019-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI116917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI116917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The existence of chronic typhoid carriers has been in the public eye for over 100\u2009years in part because of the publicity around Typhoid Mary. Additionally, it has been known for decades that the gallbladder is the main site of persistence and recently that gallstones play a key role. Despite this, very little is known about the physiological conditions that allow\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:named-content>\n            serovar Typhi to persist in the gallbladder. In this study, we analyze the transcriptional profile of the gallbladder in a mouse model of chronic carriage. We found a shift from an early proinflammatory immune response toward a later anti-inflammatory response, which could explain the stalemate that allows\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            persistence. Interestingly, we found a 10-fold increase in the number of\n            <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n            -specific T cells in mice with gallstones. This work moves us closer to understanding the mechanistic basis of chronic carriage, with a goal toward eradication of the disease.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02262-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T14:15:23Z","timestamp":1569852923000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Establishment of Chronic Typhoid Infection in a Mouse Carriage Model Involves a Type 2 Immune Shift and T and B Cell Recruitment to the Gallbladder"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Juan F.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Kurtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regan","family":"Hitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Fitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Wetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krista","family":"La Perle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"The Institute for Genomic Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"McLachlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology &amp; Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump JA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED. 2004. 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