{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:24:36Z","timestamp":1792718676436,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,13]],"date-time":"2015-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]],"date-time":"2015-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT\u2002<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Human norovirus (NoV) is the most frequent cause of epidemic nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. We investigated the impact of nonthermal or cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) on the inactivation of a clinical human outbreak NoV, GII.4. Three different dilutions of a NoV-positive stool sample were prepared and subsequently treated with CAPP for various lengths of time, up to 15\u00a0min. NoV viral loads were quantified by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Increased CAPP treatment time led to increased NoV reduction; samples treated for the longest time had the lowest viral load. From the initial starting quantity of 2.36 \u00d7 10\n            <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n            genomic equivalents\/ml, sample exposure to CAPP reduced this value by 1.23 log\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            and 1.69 log\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            genomic equivalents\/ml after 10 and 15\u00a0min, respectively (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.01). CAPP treatment of surfaces carrying a lower viral load reduced NoV by at least 1 log\n            <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n            after CAPP exposure for 2\u00a0min (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05) and 1\u00a0min (\n            <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n            &lt; 0.05), respectively. Our results suggest that NoV can be inactivated by CAPP treatment. The lack of cell culture assays prevents our ability to estimate infectivity. It is possible that some detectable, intact virus particles were rendered noninfectious. We conclude that CAPP treatment of surfaces may be a useful strategy to reduce the risk of NoV transmission in crowded environments.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            \u2002 Human gastroenteritis is most frequently caused by noroviruses, which are spread person to person and via surfaces, often in facilities with crowds of people. Disinfection of surfaces that come into contact with infected humans is critical for the prevention of cross-contamination and further transmission of the virus. However, effective disinfection cannot be done easily in mass catering environments or health care facilities. We evaluated the efficacy of cold atmospheric pressure plasma, an innovative airborne disinfection method, on surfaces inoculated with norovirus. We used a clinically relevant strain of norovirus from an outbreak in Germany. Cold plasma was able to inactivate the virus on the tested surfaces, suggesting that this method could be used for continuous disinfection of contaminated surfaces. The use of a clinical strain of norovirus strengthens the reliability of our results as it is a strain relevant to outbreaks in humans.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02300-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T06:31:53Z","timestamp":1421217113000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Inactivation of a Foodborne Norovirus Outbreak Strain with Nonthermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Birte","family":"Ahlfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangfang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Boulaaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, Kronshagen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Schotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, Kronshagen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia L.","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Morfill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1931-2701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Epidemiological yearbook of notifiable infectious diseases for 2012.","author":"Robert Koch Institute","year":"2013","unstructured":"Robert Koch Institute. 2013. Epidemiological yearbook of notifiable infectious diseases for 2012. Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. (In German.)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00680.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","volume-title":"Burden of norovirus illness and outbreaks.","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2014","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. Burden of norovirus illness and outbreaks. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21237"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2008.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01039-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01797-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2009.01.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.200600217"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/44\/50\/505201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0667"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1903.121029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-011-9072-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2296"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03010-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpme.2012.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.12.7179-7184.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00583-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-008-9007-0"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.02300-14","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mBio.02300-14","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T02:04:26Z","timestamp":1646705066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mBio.02300-14"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tom","family":"Chiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mBio.02300-14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.02300-14","relation":{},"ISSN":["2161-2129","2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2161-2129","type":"print"},{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-11-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-12-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-01-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e02300-14"}}