{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:34:30Z","timestamp":1787016870695,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]],"date-time":"2017-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488931200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI026649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI026649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Entamoeba histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a cause of diarrhea in infants in low-income countries. Previously, it was shown that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) production was associated with increased risk of\n                    <jats:italic>E.\u00a0histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    diarrhea in children. Interleukin-25 (IL-25) is a cytokine that is produced by intestinal epithelial cells that has a role in maintenance of gut barrier function and inhibition of TNF-\u03b1 production. IL-25 expression was decreased in humans and in the mouse model of amebic colitis. Repletion of IL-25 blocked\n                    <jats:italic>E.\u00a0histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and barrier disruption in mice, increased gut eosinophils, and suppressed colonic TNF-\u03b1. Depletion of eosinophils with anti-Siglec-F antibody prevented IL-25-mediated protection. In contrast, depletion of TNF-\u03b1 resulted in resistance to amebic infection. We concluded that IL-25 provides protection from amebiasis, which is dependent upon intestinal eosinophils and suppression of TNF-\u03b1.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    The intestinal epithelial barrier is important for protection from intestinal amebiasis. We discovered that the intestinal epithelial cytokine IL-25 was suppressed during amebic colitis in humans and that protection could be restored in the mouse model by IL-25 administration. IL-25 acted via eosinophils and suppressed TNF-\u03b1. This work illustrates a previously unrecognized pathway of innate mucosal immune response.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02329-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T20:10:28Z","timestamp":1488312628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Role of Eosinophils and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Interleukin-25-Mediated Protection from Amebic Colitis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zannatun","family":"Noor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department 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