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Using the infant mouse model, we found that (i) differences in viral shedding of various IAV strains are dependent on specific hemagglutinin (HA) and\/or neuraminidase (NA) proteins, (ii) host age plays a key role in the efficiency of IAV transmission, (iii) levels of IAV-specific immunoglobulins are necessary to limit infectiousness, transmission, and susceptibility to IAV, and (iv) expression of sialidases by colonizing\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. pneumoniae<\/jats:named-content>\n                    antagonizes transmission by limiting the acquisition of IAV in recipient hosts. Our findings highlight the need for strategies that limit IAV shedding and the importance of understanding the function of the URT bacterial composition in IAV transmission. This work reinforces the significance of a tractable animal model to study both viral and host traits affecting IAV contagion and its potential for optimizing vaccines and therapeutics that target disease spread.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02359-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T05:59:50Z","timestamp":1545026390000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["An Infant Mouse Model of Influenza Virus Transmission Demonstrates the Role of Virus-Specific Shedding, Humoral Immunity, and Sialidase Expression by Colonizing Streptococcus pneumoniae"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4522-0184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mila Brum","family":"Ortigoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone B.","family":"Blaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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