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We probed\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    with liposomes containing amphotericin B (AmBisome), with or without 15-nm colloidal gold particles. The liposomes have a diameter of 60 to 80\u00a0nm, and yet their mode of action requires them to penetrate the fungal cell wall to deliver amphotericin B to the cell membrane, where it binds to ergosterol. Surprisingly, using cryofixation techniques with electron microscopy, we observed that the liposomes remained intact during transit through the cell wall of both yeast species, even though the predicted porosity of the cell wall (pore size, ~5.8\u00a0nm) is theoretically too small to allow these liposomes to pass through intact.\n                    <jats:italic>C.\u00a0albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants with altered cell wall thickness and composition were similar in both their\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    AmBisome susceptibility and the ability of liposomes to penetrate the cell wall. AmBisome exposed to ergosterol-deficient\n                    <jats:italic>C.\u00a0albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    failed to penetrate beyond the mannoprotein-rich outer cell wall layer. Melanization of\n                    <jats:italic>C.\u00a0neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the absence of amphotericin B in the liposomes were also associated with a significant reduction in liposome penetration. Therefore, AmBisome can reach cell membranes intact, implying that fungal cell wall viscoelastic properties are permissive to vesicular structures. The fact that AmBisome can transit through chemically diverse cell wall matrices when these liposomes are larger than the theoretical cell wall porosity suggests that the wall is capable of rapid remodeling, which may also be the mechanism for release of extracellular vesicles.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    AmBisome is a broad-spectrum fungicidal antifungal agent in which the hydrophobic polyene antibiotic amphotericin B is packaged within a 60- to 80-nm liposome. The mode of action involves perturbation of the fungal cell membrane by selectively binding to ergosterol, thereby disrupting membrane function. We report that the AmBisome liposome transits through the cell walls of both\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    intact, despite the fact that the liposome is larger than the theoretical cell wall porosity. This implies that the cell wall has deformable, viscoelastic properties that are permissive to transwall vesicular traffic. These observations help explain the low toxicity of AmBisome, which can deliver its payload directly to the cell membrane without unloading the polyene in the cell wall. In addition, these findings suggest that extracellular vesicles may also be able to pass through the cell wall to deliver soluble and membrane-bound effectors and other molecules to the extracellular space.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02383-17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]],"date-time":"2018-02-05T08:41:12Z","timestamp":1517820072000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["The Viscoelastic Properties of the Fungal Cell Wall Allow Traffic of AmBisome as Intact Liposome Vesicles"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2236-8776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Sood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9471-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan D.","family":"Lenardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom"},{"name":"School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences Inc., San Dimas, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences Inc., San Dimas, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9402-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Casadevall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Adler-Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cal Poly Pomona, Pomona, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2776-5850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil A. 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