{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:11:39Z","timestamp":1789103499794,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]],"date-time":"2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Spiroplasmas are helical and motile members of a cell wall-less eubacterial group called\n            <jats:italic>Mollicutes<\/jats:italic>\n            . Although all spiroplasmas are associated with arthropods, they exhibit great diversity with respect to both their modes of transmission and their effects on their hosts; ranging from horizontally transmitted pathogens and commensals to endosymbionts that are transmitted transovarially (i.e., from mother to offspring). Here we provide the first genome sequence, along with proteomic validation, of an endosymbiotic inherited\n            <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            bacterium, the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Spiroplasma poulsonii<\/jats:named-content>\n            MSRO strain harbored by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Comparison of the genome content of\n            <jats:italic>S.\u00a0poulsonii<\/jats:italic>\n            with that of horizontally transmitted spiroplasmas indicates that\n            <jats:italic>S.\u00a0poulsonii<\/jats:italic>\n            has lost many metabolic pathways and transporters, demonstrating a high level of interdependence with its insect host. Consistent with genome analysis, experimental studies showed that\n            <jats:italic>S.\u00a0poulsonii<\/jats:italic>\n            metabolizes glucose but not trehalose. Notably, trehalose is more abundant than glucose in\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n            hemolymph, and the inability to metabolize trehalose may prevent\n            <jats:italic>S.\u00a0poulsonii<\/jats:italic>\n            from overproliferating. Our study identifies putative virulence genes, notably, those for a chitinase, the H\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            O\n            <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n            -producing glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase, and enzymes involved in the synthesis of the eukaryote-toxic lipid cardiolipin.\n            <jats:italic>S.\u00a0poulsonii<\/jats:italic>\n            also expresses on the cell membrane one functional adhesion-related protein and two divergent spiralin proteins that have been implicated in insect cell invasion in other spiroplasmas. These lipoproteins may be involved in the colonization of the\n            <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n            germ line, ensuring\n            <jats:italic>S.\u00a0poulsonii<\/jats:italic>\n            vertical transmission. The\n            <jats:italic>S.\u00a0poulsonii<\/jats:italic>\n            genome is a valuable resource to explore the mechanisms of male killing and symbiont-mediated protection, two cardinal features of many facultative endosymbionts.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Most insect species, including important disease vectors and crop pests, harbor vertically transmitted endosymbiotic bacteria. These endosymbionts play key roles in their hosts\u2019 fitness, including protecting them against natural enemies and manipulating their reproduction in ways that increase the frequency of symbiont infection. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie these processes. Here, we provide the first genome draft of a vertically transmitted male-killing\n            <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            bacterium, the\n            <jats:italic>S.\u00a0poulsonii<\/jats:italic>\n            MSRO strain harbored by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">D. melanogaster<\/jats:named-content>\n            . Analysis of the\n            <jats:italic>S.\u00a0poulsonii<\/jats:italic>\n            genome was complemented by proteomics and\n            <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            metabolic experiments. Our results indicate that\n            <jats:italic>S.\u00a0poulsonii<\/jats:italic>\n            has reduced metabolic capabilities and expresses divergent membrane lipoproteins and potential virulence factors that likely participate in\n            <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            -host interactions. This work fills a gap in our knowledge of insect endosymbionts and provides tools with which to decipher the interaction between\n            <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n            bacteria and their well-characterized host\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">D. melanogaster<\/jats:named-content>\n            , which is emerging as a model of endosymbiosis\n            <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02437-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T12:47:31Z","timestamp":1427892451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Genome Sequence of the Drosophila melanogaster Male-Killing\n            <i>Spiroplasma<\/i>\n            Strain MSRO Endosymbiont"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Paredes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy K.","family":"Herren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Martin L\u00fcscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Sch\u00fcpfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ray","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Claverol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00f4le Prot\u00e9omique, Plateforme G\u00e9nomique Fonctionnelle de Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2857-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Horng","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lemaitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laure","family":"B\u00e9ven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRA, University of Bordeaux, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 1332, Villenave d\u2019Ornon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.34.100180.003333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02688-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-36-2-170"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-37-2-106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.41.052102.104034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas","author":"Hackett KJ","year":"1979","unstructured":"Hackett KJ, Clark TB. 1979. 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