{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:11:43Z","timestamp":1788264703429,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]],"date-time":"2015-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT\u2002<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Diverse colony morphologies are a hallmark of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            recovered from infected patients. We observed that stresses that inhibit aerobic respiration shifted populations of B.\u00a0pseudomallei from the canonical white colony morphotype toward two distinct, reversible, yet relatively stable yellow colony variants (YA and YB). As accumulating evidence supports the importance of B.\u00a0pseudomallei enteric infection and gastric colonization, we tested the response of yellow variants to hypoxia, acidity, and stomach colonization. Yellow variants exhibited a competitive advantage under hypoxic and acidic conditions and alkalized culture media. The YB variant, although highly attenuated in acute virulence, was the only form capable of colonization and persistence in the murine stomach. The accumulation of extracellular DNA (eDNA) was a characteristic of YB as observed by 4\u2032,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining of gastric tissues, as well as in an\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            stomach model where large amounts of eDNA were produced without cell lysis. Transposon mutagenesis identified a transcriptional regulator (BPSL1887, designated YelR) that when overexpressed produced the yellow phenotype. Deletion of\n            <jats:italic>yelR<\/jats:italic>\n            blocked a shift from white to the yellow forms. These data demonstrate that YB is a unique B.\u00a0pseudomallei pathovariant controlled by YelR that is specifically adapted to the harsh gastric environment and necessary for persistent stomach colonization.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            \u2002 Seemingly uniform populations of bacteria often contain subpopulations that are genetically identical but display unique characteristics which offer advantages when the population is faced with infrequent but predictable stresses. The pathogen\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:named-content>\n            is capable of forming several reversible colony types, and it interconverted between one white type and two yellow types under certain environmental stresses. The two yellow forms exhibited distinct advantages in low-oxygen and acidic environments. One yellow colony variant was the only form capable of chronic stomach colonization. Areas of gastric infection were marked by bacteria encased in a DNA matrix, and the yellow forms were able to produce large amounts of extracellular DNA\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            . We also identified the regulator in control of yellow colony variant formation. These findings demonstrate a role in infection for colony variation and provide a mechanism for chronic stomach colonization\u2014a frequently overlooked niche in melioidosis.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02462-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,4]],"date-time":"2015-02-04T03:51:18Z","timestamp":1423021878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Burkholderia pseudomallei Colony Variant Necessary for Gastric Colonization"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"C. R.","family":"Austin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. W.","family":"Goodyear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. L.","family":"Bartek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. D.","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. B.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Zweifel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. P.","family":"Vitko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Tuanyok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Highnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Mittelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Keim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Arizona University, Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. P.","family":"Schweizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"V\u00e1zquez-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. W. 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