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Progress in biomarkers and treatment specific to the human granuloma environment is hindered by the lack of a relevant and tractable infection model that better accounts for the complexity of the host immune response as well as pathogen counterresponses that subvert host immunity in granulomas. Here we developed and characterized an<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>granuloma model derived from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and autologous serum. Importantly, we interrogated this model for its ability to discriminate between host and bacterial determinants in individuals with and without latent TB infection (LTBI). By the use of this model, we provide the first evidence that granuloma formation, bacterial survival, lymphocyte proliferation, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and lipid body accumulation are significantly altered in LTBI individuals. Moreover, we show a specific transcriptional signature of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>associated with survival within human granuloma structures depending on the host immune status. Our report provides fundamentally new information on how the human host immune status and bacterial transcriptional signature may dictate early granuloma formation and outcome and provides evidence for the validity of the granuloma model and its potential applications.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>In 2012, approximately 1.3 million people died from tuberculosis (TB), the highest rate for any single bacterial pathogen. The long-term control of TB requires a better understanding of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>pathogenesis in appropriate research models. Granulomas represent the characteristic host tissue response to TB, controlling the bacilli while concentrating the immune response to a limited area. However, complete eradication of bacteria does not occur, since<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>has its own strategies to adapt and persist. Thus, the<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>-containing granuloma represents a unique environment for dictating both the host immune response and the bacterial response. Here we developed and characterized an<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>granuloma model derived from blood cells of individuals with latent TB infection that more accurately defines the human immune response and metabolic profiles of<jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">M. tuberculosis<\/jats:named-content>within this uniquely regulated immune environment. This model may also prove beneficial for understanding other granulomatous diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02537-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,18]],"date-time":"2015-02-18T07:20:41Z","timestamp":1424244041000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Characterization of Host and Microbial Determinants in Individuals with Latent Tuberculosis Infection Using a Human Granuloma Model"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Guirado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uchenna","family":"Mbawuike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy L.","family":"Keiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Arcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abul K.","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry S.","family":"Schlesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"WHO global tuberculosis report 2013 factsheet","author":"WHO","year":"2013","unstructured":"WHO. 2013. 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