{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:43:41Z","timestamp":1790225021065,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]],"date-time":"2015-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Excessive weight and obesity are associated with the development of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMII) in humans. They also pose high risks of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            colonization and overt infections.\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            causes a wide range of severe illnesses in both healthy and immunocompromised individuals. Among\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            virulence factors, superantigens are essential for pathogenicity. In this study, we show that rabbits that are chronically exposed to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) experience impaired glucose tolerance, systemic inflammation, and elevated endotoxin levels in the bloodstream, all of which are common findings in DMII. Additionally, such DMII-associated findings are also seen through effects of TSST-1 on isolated adipocytes. Collectively, our findings suggest that chronic exposure to\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            superantigens facilitates the development of DMII, which may lead to therapeutic targeting of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            and its superantigens.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n            Obesity has a strong correlation with type 2 diabetes, in which fatty tissue, containing adipocytes, contributes to the development of the illness through altered metabolism and chronic inflammation. The human microbiome changes in persons with obesity and type 2 diabetes, including increases in\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            colonization and overt infections. While the microbiome is essential for human wellness, there is little understanding of the role of microbes in obesity or the development of diabetes. Here, we demonstrate that the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), an essential exotoxin in pathogenesis, induces inflammation, lipolysis, and insulin resistance in adipocytes both\n            <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n            . Chronic stimulation of rabbits with TSST-1 results in impaired systemic glucose tolerance, the hallmark finding in type 2 diabetes in humans, suggesting a role of\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">S. aureus<\/jats:named-content>\n            and its superantigens in the progression to type 2 diabetes.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02554-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,26]],"date-time":"2015-02-26T14:43:32Z","timestamp":1424961812000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Chronic Superantigen Exposure Induces Systemic Inflammation, Elevated Bloodstream Endotoxin, and Abnormal Glucose Tolerance in Rabbits: Possible Role in Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Bao G.","family":"Vu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Stach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Kulhankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilmara","family":"Salgado-Pab\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aloysius J.","family":"Klingelhutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick M.","family":"Schlievert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. 2013. 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