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Cells switch from the VIR-O to the AV-T state by the combinatorial activation of at least three TetR-type transcriptional regulators (TTTRs). A genetic screen identified the transcription termination factor Rho as a major contributor that controls expression differences of these TTTRs between VIR-O and AV-T cells. Each TTTR has a long mRNA leader region where transcripts are terminated in VIR-O cells. However, in AV-T cells, the degree of termination in each TTTR leader was greatly reduced, allowing for higher levels of TTTR expression. In a strain with decreased Rho expression, or in wild-type VIR-O cells treated with the Rho inhibitor bicyclomycin, the degree of termination in each TTTR mRNA leader region was reduced. Mutations in the leader region of one TTTR,\n            <jats:italic>ABUW_1645<\/jats:italic>\n            , were identified that reduced the degree of termination. Purified Rho protein bound the leader region of the most frequently activated TTTR\n            <jats:italic>ABUW_1645<\/jats:italic>\n            and the least frequently activated TTTR\n            <jats:italic>ABUW_1959<\/jats:italic>\n            with similar affinities. This together with the observation that the levels of Rho protein were unchanged between VIR-O and AV-T cells, suggested that additional factors differentially modulate Rho activity between each variant. Finally, we demonstrate in AV-T cells that nutrient depletion is a condition that increases the levels of Rho-dependent transcription termination in the TTTR leader regions to regulate this phenotypic switch.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n              is a significant cause of infections in the healthcare setting. More recently,\n              <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n              has been a leading cause of secondary bacterial pneumonia in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the overall frequency of\n              <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n              infection increased 78% during the COVID-19 pandemic.\n              <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n              can exist in virulent or avirulent subpopulations and this interconversion is mediated by the expression of a family of TetR-type transcriptional regulators. In this study, we demonstrate that Rho is a key regulatory component in the expression of these TetR regulators. Overall, this study is the first to address a role for Rho in\n              <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n              and provides additional evidence for the role of Rho in regulating diversity in bacterial subpopulations.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02708-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T14:29:21Z","timestamp":1702391361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evidence for Rho-dependent control of a virulence switch in\n            <i>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"P\u00e9rez-Varela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Colquhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Research Service, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia G.","family":"Starich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aimee R. 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