{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:32:51Z","timestamp":1789475571278,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]],"date-time":"2020-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603756800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI144133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI144133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Syphilis continues to be a significant public health issue in both low- and high-income countries, including the United States where the rate of syphilis infection has increased over the past 5 years.\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Treponema pallidum<\/jats:named-content>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causative agent of syphilis, carries the outer membrane protein TprK that undergoes segmental gene conversion to constantly create new sequences. We performed full-length deep sequencing of TprK to examine TprK diversity in clinical\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. pallidum<\/jats:named-content>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains. We then combined our results with data from all samples for which TprK deep sequencing results were available. We found almost no overlap in TprK sequences between different patients. Moreover, our data allowed us to estimate the total number of TprK variants that\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. pallidum<\/jats:named-content>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    can potentially generate. Our results support how the\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">T. pallidum<\/jats:named-content>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    TprK antigenic variation system is an equal adversary of the human immune system leading to pathogen persistence in the host.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02726-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,26]],"date-time":"2020-10-26T09:08:43Z","timestamp":1603703323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Estimation of Full-Length TprK Diversity in Treponema pallidum subsp.\n                    <i>pallidum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Amin","family":"Addetia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle J.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quynh","family":"Phung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meei-Li","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Ciccarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Department, Section of Dermatology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivano","family":"Dal Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STI Clinic, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cusini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Drago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Department, Section of Dermatology, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Giacani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7443-0527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander L.","family":"Greninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Syphilis surveillance supplement 2013\u20132017","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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