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Maintaining cell envelope integrity is therefore a question of life or death for a bacterial cell. Here we show that\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:named-content>\n                    cells activate the LD-transpeptidase LdtD to introduce 3-3 cross-links in the peptidoglycan layer when the integrity of the outer membrane is compromised, and this response is required to avoid cell lysis. 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