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Approximately one-quarter of the world\u2019s population has latent TB infection. TWEAK is a multiple-function cytokine and may be used as a target for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and renal diseases. Here, we demonstrated a novel relationship between TWEAK and activation of the autophagic machinery which promotes antimycobacterial immunity. Additionally, TB infection is highly dynamic and determined by the interaction between the host and mycobacterium. We demonstrated a mechanism of fine-tuned balance between the mycobacterium and host for granuloma formation and\/or maintenance in LTBI status. Once patients entered LTBI status, the upregulation of miR-889 was associated with TNF-\u03b1 levels and granuloma formation to maintain mycobacterial survival. Adalimumab (a TNF-\u03b1 inhibitor) reduced both TNF-\u03b1 and miR-889 levels and caused LTBI reactivation and, thus, TWEAK enhancement. MiR-889 and TWEAK may become potential diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets for LTBI and LTBI reactivation, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03045-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T10:21:52Z","timestamp":1580120512000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["MicroRNA-889 Inhibits Autophagy To Maintain Mycobacterial Survival in Patients with Latent Tuberculosis Infection by Targeting TWEAK"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Der-Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Translational Medicine Laboratory, Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 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