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During drug development, regimens are typically determined by their sufficiency to achieve bactericidal effect. Prevention of the emergence of resistance pharmacodynamics is usually not characterized or used to determine the regimen. The innovative experimental platform described here allows characterization of the emergence of AMR during the treatment of HAP and the development of strategies to mitigate this. We have demonstrated this specifically for meropenem\u2014a broad-spectrum antibiotic commonly used to treat HAP. We have characterized the antimicrobial resistance pharmacodynamics of meropenem when used to treat HAP, caused by initially meropenem-susceptible\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , phenotypically and genotypically. We have also shown that intensifying the regimen and using combination therapy are both strategies that can both treat HAP and suppress the emergence of resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03165-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T09:00:47Z","timestamp":1705568447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Molecular pharmacodynamics of meropenem for nosocomial pneumonia caused by\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Farrington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vineet","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iona","family":"Horner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Unsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Jimenez-Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles River Laboratories, Reno, Nevada, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2540-4816","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shampa","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6187-878X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William","family":"Hope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5400-3413","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Darlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00582-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000536"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000526"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","first-page":"629","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"12","author":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. 2022. 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