{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:43:33Z","timestamp":1790765013288,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI114776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI114776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI121129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI121129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23AI129659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23AI129659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005189","name":"Ministry of Education and Research | Estonian Research Competency Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOBTT39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOBTT39"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006306","name":"Sigrid Jus\u00e9liuksen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001906","name":"Washington Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001906","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The world was unprepared for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and remains ill-equipped for future pandemics. While unprecedented strides have been made developing vaccines and treatments for COVID-19, there remains a need for highly effective and widely available regimens for ambulatory use for novel coronaviruses and other viral pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03347-21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T10:03:44Z","timestamp":1640081024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Drug Combinations as a First Line of Defense against Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Viruses"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0532-996X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Judith M.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia, Department of Cell Biology, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"},{"name":"University of Virginia, Department of Microbiology, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua T.","family":"Schiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Bender Ignacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Kainov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Ianevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0886-9769","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tero","family":"Aittokallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology (OCBE), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0107-0775","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Frieman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gene G.","family":"Olinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRIGlobal, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7475-9827","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Polyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.013679"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.3071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2023184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19761-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill JA. 2021. Remdesivir for the treatment of high-risk non-hospitalized individuals with COVID-19: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. IDWeek 2021 abstr LB1.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab466.1642"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2029849"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102685"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109682"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107934"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc7112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03777-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer W Eron JJ Holman W Cohen MS Fang L Szewczyk LJ Sheahan TP Baric R Mollan KR Wolfe CR Duke ER Azizad MM Borroto-Esoda K Wohl DA Loftis AJ Alabanza P Lipansky F Painter WP. 2021. Molnupiravir an oral antiviral treatment for COVID-19. medRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.17.21258639.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.17.21258639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb5883"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00835-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03312-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl4784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-00958-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-00960-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00819-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2577-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01218-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108959"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23328-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00109-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00486"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26397"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021107821"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10409230802058320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503203102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02062-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.20105114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi4708"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009929"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa5597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709113371102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2649"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1777"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/tcrm.s3285"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1549"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2892"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018360108"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2104756"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2031364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truong TT Ryutov A Pandey U Yee R Goldberg L Bhojwani D Aguayo-Hiraldo P Pinsky BA Pekosz A Shen L Boyd SD Wirz OF R\u00f6ltgen K Bootwalla M Maglinte DT Ostrow D Ruble D Han JH Biegel JA Li M Huang C Sahoo MK Pannaraj PS O\u2019Gorman M Judkins AR Gai X Bard JD. 2021. Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection and increasing viral variants in children and young adults with impaired humoral immunity. medRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.02.27.21252099.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.27.21252099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03291-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.49324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03947-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89857"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01146-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104786"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060642"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ordonez AA Bullen CK Villabona-Rueda AF Thompson EA Turner ML Davis SL Komm O Powell JD D\u2019Alessio FR Yolken RH Jain SK Jones-Brando L. 2021. Sulforaphane exhibits in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against pandemic SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal HCoV-OC43 coronaviruses. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.03.25.437060.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.25.437060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raymonda MH Ciesla JH Monaghan M Leach J Asantewaa G Smorodintsev-Schiller LA Lutz MM Schafer XL Takimoto T Dewhurst S Munger J Harris IS. 2020. Pharmacologic profiling reveals lapatinib as a novel antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. bioRxiv","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.25.398859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultz DC Johnson RM Ayyanathan K Miller J Whig K Kamalia B Dittmar M Weston S Hammond HL Dillen C Castellana L Lee JS Li M Lee E Constant S Ferrer M Thaiss CA Frieman MB Cherry S. 2021. Pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors synergize with nucleoside analogs to block SARS-CoV-2 infection. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.24.449811.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.24.449811"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyenla X Wehri E Van Dis E Biering SB Yamashiro LH Stroumza J Dugast-Darzacq C Graham T Stanley S Schaletzky J. 2020. Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral synergy between remdesivir and approved drugs in human lung cells. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.09.18.302398.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.18.302398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boras B Jones RM Anson BJ Arenson D Aschenbrenner L Bakowski MA Beutler N Binder J Chen E Eng H Hammond H Hammond J Haupt RE Hoffman R Kadar EP Kania R Kimoto E Kirkpatrick MG Lanyon L Lendy EK Lillis JR Logue J Luthra SA Ma C Mason SW McGrath ME Noell S Obach RS O\u2019Brien MN O\u2019Connor R Ogilvie K Owen D Pettersson M Reese MR Rogers TF Rossulek MI Sathish JG Shirai N Steppan C Ticehurst M Updyke LW Weston S Zhu Y Wang J Chatterjee AK Mesecar AD Frieman MB Anderson AS Allerton C. 2020. Discovery of a novel inhibitor of coronavirus 3CL protease as a clinical candidate for the potential treatment of COVID-19. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.09.12.293498.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.12.293498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son J Huang S Zeng Q Bricker TL Case JB Zhou J Zang R Liu Z Chang X Harastani HH Chen L Castro MFG Zhao Y Kohio HP Hou G Fan B Niu B Guo R Rothlauf PW Bailey AL Wang X Shi P-Y Martinez ED Whelan SPJ Diamond MS Boon ACM Li B Ding S. 2020. Nitazoxanide and JIB-04 have broad-spectrum antiviral activity and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell culture and coronavirus pathogenesis in a pig model. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.09.24.312165.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.24.312165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan S Yin X Meng X Chan J Ye Z-W Riva L Pache L Chan CC-Y Lai P-M Chan C Poon V Matsunaga N Pu Y Yuen C-K Cao J Liang R Tang K Sheng L Du Y Xu W Sze K-H Zhang J Chu H Kok K-H To K Jin D-Y Sun R Chanda S Yuen K-Y. 2020. Clofazimine is a broad-spectrum coronavirus inhibitor that antagonizes SARS-CoV-2 replication in primary human cell culture and hamsters. Res Sq 10.21203\/rs.3.rs-86169\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-86169\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.651403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeffreys L Pennington SH Duggan J Breen A Jinks J Ardrey A Donnellan S Patterson EI Hughes GI Hong WD O\u2019Neill PM Aljayyoussi G Owen A Ward SA Biagini G. 2020. Remdesivir-ivermectin combination displays synergistic interaction with improved in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.12.23.424232.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.23.424232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ianevski A Yao R Zusinaite E Lello LS Wang S Jo E Yang J Ravlo E Wang W Lysvand H L\u00f8seth K Oksenych V Tenson T Windisch MP Poranen M Nieminen AI Nordb\u00f8 SA Fenstad MH Gr\u00f8deland G Aukrust P Tr\u00f8seid M Kantele A Vitkauskiene A Legrand N Merits A Bj\u00f8r\u00e5s M Kainov DE. 2021. Interferon alpha-based combinations suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.01.05.425331.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.05.425331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.1c00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020271"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02680-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shytaj IL Fares M Lucic B Gallucci L Tolba MM Zimmermann L Ayoub AT Cortese M Neufeldt CJ Laketa V Chlanda P Fackler OT Boulant S Bartenschlager R Stanifer M Savarino A Lusic M. 2021. The FDA-approved drug cobicistat synergizes with remdesivir to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.03.09.434219.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.09.434219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104878"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040651"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao J Liu Y Zhou M Dong S Jia X Lan X Zhang Y Guo J Xiao G Wang W. 2021. Screening of botanical drugs against SARS-CoV-2 entry. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.03.447021.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.03.447021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ianevski A Yao R Lysvand H Gr\u00f8deland G Legrand N Tenson T Bj\u00f8r\u00e5s M Kainov DE. 2021. Nafamostat-interferon-alpha combination suppresses SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.16.448653.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.05.425331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacl HT Tipper JL Sevalkar RR Crouse A Crowder C UAB Precision Medicine Institute Ahmad S Ahmad A Holder GD Kuhlman CJ Chinta KC Nadeem S Green TJ Petit CM Steyn AJC Might M Harrod KS. 2021. Water-soluble tocopherol derivatives inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.07.13.449251.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.13.449251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sacramento CQ Fintelman-Rodrigues N Dias SSG Temerozo JR Da Silva ADPD da Silva CS Ferreira AC Mattos M Soares VC Pereira-Dutra F Miranda MD Barreto-Vieira DF da Silva MAN Santos SS Torres M Rajoli RKR Paccanaro A Owen A Bou-Habib DC Bozza PT Souza TML. 2021. Unlike Chloroquine mefloquine inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in physiologically relevant cells and does not induce viral variants. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.07.21.451321.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.21.451321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024302118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2105070118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3653"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18233-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00975-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100770"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe4724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00331-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31042-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109450"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c00606"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00985-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25729-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa216"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2015.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01282-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00908-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01114-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad6654"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3287"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2101555118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2021.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081669"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02479-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sourimant J Lieber CM Aggarwal M Cox RM Wolf JD Yoon J-J Toots M Ye C Sticher Z Kolykhalov AA Martinez-Sobrido L Bluemling GR Natchus MG Painter GR Plemper RK. 2 December 2021. 4\u2032-Fluorouridine is an oral antiviral that blocks respiratory syncytial virus and SARS-CoV-2 replication. Science. 10.1126\/science.abj5508.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.19.444875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100701"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradfute SB Ye C Clarke EC Kumar S Timmins GS Deretic V. 2020. Ambroxol and ciprofloxacin show activity against SARS-CoV2 in Vero E6 cells at clinically-relevant concentrations. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.08.11.245100.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.11.245100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun YJ Velez G Parsons D Li K Ortiz M Sharma S McCray PB Bassuk AG Mahajan VB. 2021. TMPRSS2 structure-phylogeny repositions Avoralstat for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis in mice. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.01.04.425289.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.04.425289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapira T Monreal IA Dion SP Jager M D\u00e9silets A Olmstead AD Vandal T Buchholz DW Imbiakha B Gao G Chin A Rees WD Steiner T Nabi IR Marsault E Sahler J August A Van de Walle G Whittaker GR Boudreault P-L Aguilar HC Leduc R Jean F. 2021. A novel highly potent inhibitor of TMPRSS2-like proteases blocks SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and is broadly protective against infection and mortality in mice. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.05.03.442520.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.03.442520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2108728118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007604"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/387188a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2033130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schooley RT Carlin AF Beadle JR Valiaeva N Zhang X-Q Clark AE McMillan RE Leibel SL McVicar RN Xie J Garretson AF Smith VI Murphy J Hostetler KY. 2021. Rethinking remdesivir: synthesis antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics of oral lipid prodrugs. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.08.26.269159.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.08.26.269159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer A Martinez DR Won JJ Moreira FR Brown AJ Gully KL Kalla R Chun K Du Pont V Babusis D Tang J Murakami E Subramanian R Barrett KT Bleier BJ Bannister R Feng JY Bilello JP Cihlar T Mackman RL Montgomery SA Baric RS Sheahan TP. 2021. Therapeutic efficacy of an oral nucleoside analog of remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in mice. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.09.13.460111.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.09.13.460111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao L Li Y Yang S Li G Zhou Q Sun J Xu T Yang Y Zhu T Huang S Ji Y Cong F Luo Y Zhu Y Luan H Zhang H Chen J Liu X Wang P Yu Y Xing F Ke B Zheng H Deng X Zhang W Li C Zhang Y Zhao J Zhang X Guo D. 2021. The adenosine analogue prodrug ATV006 is orally bioavailable and has potent preclinical efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.10.13.463130.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.13.463130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01648-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30511-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00970-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100084"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe3255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4896"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00490-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abi9007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","volume-title":"Integrating clinical research into epidemic response: the Ebola experience","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Board on Global Health, Committee on Clinical Trials During the 2014\u20132015 Ebola Outbreak","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Board on Global Health, Committee on Clinical Trials During the 2014\u20132015 Ebola Outbreak. 2017. Integrating clinical research into epidemic response: the Ebola experience. National Academies Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-6519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22760"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00448-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258858"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI133960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199905070-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1512612"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy372"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.11.8808-8820.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00063a007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00712-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01421-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.119685"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00017-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005540"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005471"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b01249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02185-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617020114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009312"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009662"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg5827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saul S Karim M Huang P-T Ghita L Chiu W Kumar S Bhalla N Leyssen P Cohen CA Huie K Tindle C Sibai M Pinsky BA Das S Ghosh P Dye JM Solow-Cordero DE Jin J Jochmans D Neyts J Narayanan A De Jonghe S Einav S. 2021. Discovery of pan-ErbB inhibitors protecting from SARS-CoV-2 replication inflammation and lung injury by a drug repurposing screen. bioRxiv 10.1101\/2021.05.15.444128.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.15.444128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25796-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012939117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109479"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2021.105115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01684-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00591-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01382-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI83111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.88864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30354-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03792-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb5793"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2019.152956"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03495-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01437-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.153165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_201_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03495-20"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mbio.03347-21","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mbio.03347-21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T04:01:49Z","timestamp":1646712109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mbio.03347-21"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vinayaka R.","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"references-count":200,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mbio.03347-21"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.03347-21","relation":{},"ISSN":["2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e03347-21"}}