{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T20:07:45Z","timestamp":1781899665568,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31 AT010558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31 AT010558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-1442113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1442113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["James H. 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Why is that so? This important, yet largely unanswered, question can be addressed by examining how\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    and its close nonpathogenic relatives are similar or different with respect to virulence-associated traits. We investigated whether\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Aspergillus fischeri<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , a nonpathogenic close relative of\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , can produce gliotoxin, a mycotoxin known to contribute to\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    virulence. We discovered that the nonpathogenic\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fischeri<\/jats:named-content>\n                    produces gliotoxin under the same conditions as those of the major pathogen\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    . However, we also discovered that, in contrast to what has previously been observed in\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">A. fumigatus<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , the loss of secondary metabolite production in\n                    <jats:italic>A. fischeri<\/jats:italic>\n                    does not alter its virulence. Our results are consistent with the \u201ccards of virulence\u201d model of opportunistic fungal disease, in which the ability to cause disease stems from the combination (\u201chand\u201d) of virulence factors (\u201ccards\u201d) but not from individual factors\n                    <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03361-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T06:45:37Z","timestamp":1581317137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Gliotoxin, a Known Virulence Factor in the Major Human Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, Is Also Biosynthesized by Its Nonpathogenic Relative\n                    <i>Aspergillus fischeri<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6295-231X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja 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