{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:05:36Z","timestamp":1785409536119,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI138797, R01AI153236, R01AI146917, R01AI168048, R01AI181664, U19A171401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI138797, R01AI153236, R01AI146917, R01AI168048, R01AI181664, U19A171401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014895","name":"Open Philanthropy Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fifth Generation, Inc."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006734","name":"Princeton University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31AI183827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31AI183827"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031445","name":"New Jersey Commission on Cancer Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COCR25PDF026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COCR25PDF026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031445","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects more than 250 million people worldwide and markedly increases the risk of terminal liver diseases, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite its global impact, HBV exhibits a remarkably narrow host range, with natural infection largely restricted to humans and chimpanzees. This stringent tropism has posed a major barrier to the development of experimentally tractable\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      models and has limited our ability to study viral persistence, pathogenesis, and immune control. Over the past decades, substantial progress has been made in identifying the host and viral factors that govern HBV species specificity. Efforts to overcome these constraints have led to the development of genetically engineered systems, the use of surrogate hepadnaviruses that naturally infect other species, and the establishment of humanized liver models that enable infection\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      within a human hepatocyte context. While these approaches have provided important insights, no currently available model fully recapitulates chronic HBV infection in an immunocompetent host. Defining and overcoming the barriers that underlie HBV\u2019s restricted host range remains a central challenge in the field. Addressing this limitation will be essential for establishing physiologically relevant model systems and, ultimately, for enabling the development of curative strategies for chronic hepatitis B.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03763-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T13:01:44Z","timestamp":1781787704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanisms restricting hepatitis B virus cross-species transmission"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3568-5877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny N.","family":"Ijoma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hx57361","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University","place":["Princeton, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andoni","family":"Gomez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hx57361","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University","place":["Princeton, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samer","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hx57361","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University","place":["Princeton, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9322-7252","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Ploss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00hx57361","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University","place":["Princeton, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-018-9912-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30119-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/299740a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00832-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.341.6141.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308049110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.10.5757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.5.2941"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(04)63001-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.36.3.787-795.1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.38.1.393-397.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.36.3.829-836.1980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.9.4533"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05420.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.6.3309-3316.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10050357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.23.12725-12734.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-230X(09)03004-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21896"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811064116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC119.010366"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.04.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.145.1.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1730940100"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.64.12.6141-6147.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01921-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03514-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081463"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.8.4867-4874.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1409986111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0678-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005893"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323665"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21850-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01703079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908365106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.4481"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17170"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(82)90157-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90602-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v9040075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021469"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.10.6158-6169.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3865369"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202398599"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03540-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aap9328"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00901-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004840"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.6.2900-2911.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)64980-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00918-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01261-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100534"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32622"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2021.105140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00769-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2603476123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02615-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30815"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401771101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01825-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02760-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","volume-title":"Chimpanzees in biomedical and behavioral research: assessing the necessity","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine, National Research Council. 2011. Chimpanzees in biomedical and behavioral research: assessing the necessity. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. https:\/\/www.nationalacademies.org\/publications\/13257."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39148-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04723-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01432-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30593-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01953-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2413771122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oncsis.2017.22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.10.8696-8702.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.14.7814-7819.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1471"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510240101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2019.10628"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06842-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2013982118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387251339765"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.23314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050777"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28930"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004032"}],"container-title":["mBio"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mbio.03763-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mbio.03763-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T13:02:10Z","timestamp":1783515730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mbio.03763-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Chowdhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mbio.03763-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.03763-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2150-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2150-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e03763-25"}}