{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T10:51:18Z","timestamp":1786445478167,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32573400, U22A20522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32573400, U22A20522"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gansu Provincial Joint Research Fund Program","award":["25JRRA1091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA1091"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Innovation Group Project of Gansu Priovince","award":["25JRRA434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25JRRA434"]}]},{"name":"Basic Research Center, Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultrual Sciences","award":["CAAS-BRC-LPDC-2025-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-BRC-LPDC-2025-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Parainfluenza virus is a significant respiratory pathogen affecting both humans and animals, capable of causing acute respiratory tract infections in infants and immunocompromised individuals. Recently, parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) has been frequently detected in swine diarrheal samples. However, experimental infections revealed that PIV5 alone induces only mild clinical symptoms. Further analysis suggested that co-infection with porcine sapelovirus (PSV) may underlie the observed disease severity. This hypothesis was confirmed through animal studies. Co-infection was shown to occur intracellularly, where PSV significantly enhanced PIV5 replication. Mechanistically, this effect was primarily mediated by PSV 3D, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). PSV 3D directly interacted with PIV5 nucleoprotein and genomic RNA. Mini-genome assays demonstrated that PSV 3D substantially increased PIV5 genomic activity. Using an infectious cDNA clone of PIV5 and a series of mutants, we further confirmed that PSV 3D promoted transcription of both plus- and minus-strand PIV5 RNAs. Notably, RdRp (3D) proteins from two other picornaviruses also enhanced PIV5 RNA synthesis, suggesting a conserved function across picornaviruses. In summary, this study provides the first evidence that PIV5 hijacks the RdRp of a co-infecting virus from a different viral family to support its own replication. These findings advance our understanding of virus\u2013virus interactions and offer a novel perspective in virology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The gastrointestinal tract harbors a vast and diverse community of microorganisms, making it an ideal environment for exploring microbial interactions. While virus\u2013bacteria interactions have been widely studied, virus\u2013virus interactions remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we demonstrated that porcine sapelovirus (PSV) and parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) co-infect cells and directly interact within the host. Specifically, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase protein (3D) of PSV significantly promoted PIV5 replication by interacting with key components of the PIV5 ribonucleoprotein complex and enhancing the synthesis of both plus- and minus-strand viral RNAs. Similar effects were observed with the 3D proteins from two additional picornaviruses, suggesting a shared mechanism among picornaviruses in facilitating co-infecting virus replication. This work uncovers a novel cross-family polymerase hijacking event and provides important insights into virus\u2013virus interactions, highlighting new potential targets for the control and prevention of swine enteric diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03817-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:00:12Z","timestamp":1777554012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cross-utilization of viral polymerase: parainfluenza virus hijacks the RdRp of porcine sapelovirus to facilitate its replication during co-infection"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9431-710X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary 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