{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:27:22Z","timestamp":1785403642449,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24H00500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24H00500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18H02122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18H02122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP17K07711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP17K07711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20K05781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20K05781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19H05685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19H05685"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The actinomycete\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Actinoplanes missouriensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      grows by extending branched hyphae and forms terminal sporangia containing a few hundred spores. A sortase-dependent spore surface protein, SspA, has recently been shown to be important for sporangium maturation in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. missouriensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In this study, we functionally characterized all five sortase candidates in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. missouriensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and revealed that only a class E sortase (SrtE) is required for sporangium formation. The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">srtE<\/jats:italic>\n                      null mutant strain scarcely produced sporangia, in contrast to the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">sspA<\/jats:italic>\n                      null mutant, which produced fragile sporangia, indicating that there are other SrtE substrate proteins besides SspA. Unexpectedly, \u0394\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">srtE<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonies displayed a significantly increased rate of surface area expansion on nutrient-rich solid media compared with wild-type colonies. The growing hyphae of the \u0394\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">srtE<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain raised the pH of the surrounding environment, possibly by emitting basic volatile compounds. This growth mode shares several defining characteristics with the exploratory growth (or exploration) of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                      . We identified two SrtE-dependent cell wall-anchored proteins (CwpA and CwpB) required for the suppression of latent exploration in the wild-type strain; colonies of single-gene mutants of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cwpA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cwpB<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed exploration. While the \u0394\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cwpA<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain formed normal sporangia, severe defects in the initiation of sporangium formation were observed in the \u0394\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cwp<\/jats:italic>\n                      B strain, indicating that CwpB, but not CwpA, is essential for sporangium formation. Based on these results, we propose that SrtE suppresses latent exploration and promotes the initiation of sporangium formation by making the cell surface hydrophobic through the attachment of the hydrophobic proteins CwpA and CwpB to the cell wall.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Exploration has recently been established as a new growth mode in the filamentous actinobacterial genus\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                      , where rapidly expanding mycelia lead to extensive surface colonization on nutrient-rich solid media. However, the phylogenetic prevalence and genetic basis of this unique growth mode remain unclear. Here, we report the discovery of exploration in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Actinoplanes missouriensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a filamentous actinomycete that forms terminal sporangia and zoospores. Through extensive genetic experiments, we demonstrated that a class E sortase suppresses latent exploration via covalent anchoring of two surface hydrophobic proteins to the cell wall in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. missouriensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This study revealed that exploration capabilities are prevalent among filamentous actinomycetes beyond\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                      and that the hydrophobic nature of the cell surface appears to be crucial for suppressing latent exploration in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. missouriensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The hydrophobic nature of the cell surface also appears to be important for initiating sporangium formation on nutrient-poor solid media in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. missouriensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03944-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:02:02Z","timestamp":1779109322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Class E sortase SrtE and two SrtE-dependent cell wall-anchored hydrophobic proteins are involved in morphogenesis in\n                    <i>Actinoplanes missouriensis<\/i>\n                    : occurrence of exploratory growth beyond genus\n                    <i>Streptomyces<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8674-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuwen","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/057zh3y96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo","place":["Bunkyo-ku, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4811-1397","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kazuki","family":"Nosho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/057zh3y96","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo","place":["Bunkyo-ku, Japan"]},{"name":"Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo","place":["Bunkyo-ku, 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