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Valid and representative data on antimicrobial susceptibility of\n            <jats:italic>B. bronchiseptica<\/jats:italic>\n            is rare. Approved antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods have been published, but very few clinical breakpoints are available. The MIC values are low for most agents but high for \u03b2-lactam antibiotics and macrolides. Information on the genetic basis of resistance is scarce. For a small number of isolates that are resistant or show elevated MICs, the molecular basis of resistance was identified. Three tetracycline resistance genes,\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (A),\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (C), and\n            <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n            (31), coding for major facilitator superfamily efflux pumps, were identified. Two other major facilitator superfamily exporter genes confer resistance to chloramphenicol (\n            <jats:italic>cmlB1<\/jats:italic>\n            ) or to chloramphenicol and florfenicol (\n            <jats:italic>floR<\/jats:italic>\n            ). Two class B chloramphenicol acetyltransferase genes (\n            <jats:italic>catB1<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>catB3<\/jats:italic>\n            ), which confer resistance to nonfluorinated phenicols by enzymatic inactivation, have been identified in\n            <jats:italic>B. bronchiseptica<\/jats:italic>\n            . Like the trimethoprim resistance genes\n            <jats:italic>dfrA1<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>dfrB1<\/jats:italic>\n            , which code for trimethoprim-insensitive dihydrofolate reductases, the genes\n            <jats:italic>catB1<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>catB3<\/jats:italic>\n            were located on gene cassettes and found in class 1 integrons also harboring the sulfonamide resistance gene\n            <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n            . In addition, the gene\n            <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n            has also been detected. Both\n            <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n            code for sulfonamide-insensitive dihydropteroate synthases. A gene cassette harboring the \u03b2-lactamase gene\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>OXA-2<\/jats:sub>\n            was also identified, whereas \u03b2-lactam resistance in\n            <jats:italic>B. bronchiseptica<\/jats:italic>\n            seems to be more likely due to reduced influx in combination with the species-specific \u03b2-lactamase encoded by\n            <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>BOR-1<\/jats:sub>\n            . The resistance genes were mostly located on conjugative plasmids.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.arba-0024-2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]],"date-time":"2018-07-20T12:45:10Z","timestamp":1532090710000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance in\n            <i>Bordetella bronchiseptica<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kristina","family":"Kadlec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warfel JM Beren J Kelly VK Lee G Merkel TJ. 2012. 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