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The antibiotics most frequently used to control mycoplasmal infections in animals are macrolides and tetracyclines. Lincosamides, fluoroquinolones, pleuromutilins, phenicols, and aminoglycosides can also be active. Standardization of methods used for determination of susceptibility levels is difficult since no quality control strains are available and because of species-specific growth requirements. Reduced susceptibility levels or resistances to several families of antimicrobials have been reported in field isolates of pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    species of major veterinary interest:\n                    <jats:italic>M. gallisepticum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>M. synoviae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in poultry;\n                    <jats:italic>M. hyopneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>M. hyorhinis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>M. hyosynoviae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in swine;\n                    <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in cattle; and\n                    <jats:italic>M. agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in small ruminants. The highest resistances are observed for macrolides, followed by tetracyclines. Most strains remain susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Pleuromutilins are the most effective antibiotics\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Resistance frequencies vary according to the\n                    <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    species but also according to the countries or groups of animals from which the samples were taken. Point mutations in the target genes of different antimicrobials have been identified in resistant field isolates,\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    -selected mutants, or strains reisolated after an experimental infection followed by one or several treatments: DNA-gyrase and topoisomerase IV for fluoroquinolones; 23S rRNA for macrolides, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, and amphenicols; 16S rRNAs for tetracyclines and aminoglycosides. Further work should be carried out to determine and harmonize specific breakpoints for animal mycoplasmas so that\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    information can be used to provide advice on selection of\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    treatments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.arba-0030-2018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]],"date-time":"2018-07-13T08:46:25Z","timestamp":1531471585000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance in\n                    <i>Mycoplasma<\/i>\n                    spp"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Anne V.","family":"Gautier-Bouchardon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycoplasmology, Bacteriology, and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Ploufragan-Plouzan\u00e9 Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Razin S. 1996. 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