{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:49:23Z","timestamp":1753883363218,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]],"date-time":"2015-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435795200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Arthropod-borne diseases are a major problem whenever outdoor activities bring arthropods and people into contact. The arthropods discussed here include arachnids (ticks) and insects. Most arthropod bites and stings are minor, with the notable exception being bee-sting anaphylaxis. Ticks cause the most disease transmission. Key hard tick vectors include black-legged (\n            <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic>\n            ), dog (\n            <jats:italic>Dermacentor<\/jats:italic>\n            ), and lone star (\n            <jats:italic>Amblyomma<\/jats:italic>\n            ) ticks, which transmit Lyme and various rickettsial diseases. Insect repellents, permethrin sprays, and proper tick inspection reduce this risk significantly. Lyme disease and the milder southern-tick-associated rash illness (STARI) are characterized by the erythema migrans rash followed, in the case of Lyme disease, by early, disseminated, and late systemic symptoms. Treatment is with doxycycline or ceftriaxone. Indefinite treatment of \u201cchronic Lyme disease\u201d based on subjective symptoms is not beneficial. Rickettsial diseases include ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which are characterized by fever, headache, and possible rash and should be empirically treated with doxycycline while awaiting laboratory confirmation. Tularemia is a bacterial disease (\n            <jats:italic>Francisella<\/jats:italic>\n            ) spread by ticks and rabbits and characterized by fever and adenopathy. Treatment is with gentamicin or streptomycin. Babesiosis is a protozoal disease, mimicking malaria, that causes a self-limited flu-like disease in healthy hosts but can be life threatening with immune compromise. Treatment is with atovaquone and azithromycin. Other tick-related conditions include viral diseases (Powassan, Colorado tick fever, heartland virus), tick-borne relapsing fever (\n            <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n            ), and tick paralysis (toxin). Mosquitoes, lice, fleas, and mites are notable for their annoying bites but are increasingly significant disease vectors even in the United States.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.iol5-0001-2014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,30]],"date-time":"2015-07-30T16:11:11Z","timestamp":1438272671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Arthropod-Borne Diseases: The Camper\u2019s Uninvited Guests"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Gregory","family":"Juckett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bratton RL Whiteside JW Hovan MJ Engle RL Edwards FD. 2008. Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. Mayo Clin Proc 83: 566\u2013571. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.4065\/83.5.566"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark RP Hu LT. 2008. Prevention of Lyme disease and other tick-borne infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 22: 381\u2013396 vii. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2008.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dana AN. 2009. Diagnosis and treatment of tick infestation and tick-borne diseases with cutaneous manifestations. Dermatol Ther 22: 293\u2013326. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2009.01244.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_1","unstructured":"Dept. of Health and Human Services CDC. 2014. Tickborne Diseases of the United States: A Reference Manual for Health Care Providers 2nd ed. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/lyme\/resources\/TickborneDiseases.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_1","unstructured":"Feder HM Johnson BJ O\u2019Connell S Shapiro ED Steere AC Wormser GP Agger WA Artsob H Auwaerter P Dumler JS Bakken JS Bockenstedt LK Green J Dattwyler RJ Munoz J Nadelman RB Schwartz I Draper T McSweegan E Halperin JJ Klempner MS Krause PJ Mead P Morshed M Porwancher R Radolf JD Smith RP Sood S Weinstein A Wong SJ Zemel L Group AHILD. 2007. A critical appraisal of \u201cchronic Lyme disease.\u201d N Engl J Med 357: 1422\u20131430. [PubMed][CrossRef]"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harik NS. 2013. Tularemia: epidemiology diagnosis and treatment. Pediatr Ann 42: 288\u2013292. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.3928\/00904481-20130619-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin H Wei F Liu Q Qian J. 2012. Epidemiology and control of human granulocytic anaplasmosis: a systematic review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 269\u2013274. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0753"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_1","unstructured":"Juckett G. 2013. Arthropod bites. Am Fam Physician 88: 841\u2013847. [PubMed]"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vannier E Krause PJ. 2012. Human babesiosis. N Engl J Med 366: 2397\u20132407. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods CR. 2013. Rocky Mountain spotted fever in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 60: 455\u2013470. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2012.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wormser GP Dattwyler RJ Shapiro ED Halperin JJ Steere AC Klempner MS Krause PJ Bakken JS Strle F Stanek G Bockenstedt L Fish D Dumler JS Nadelman RB. 2006. The clinical assessment treatment and prevention of Lyme disease human granulocytic anaplasmosis and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 43: 1089\u20131134. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.1086\/508667"}],"container-title":["Microbiology Spectrum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.IOL5-0001-2014","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.IOL5-0001-2014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T05:22:01Z","timestamp":1646716921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.IOL5-0001-2014"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David","family":"Schlossberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/microbiolspec.IOL5-0001-2014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.iol5-0001-2014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2165-0497"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2165-0497"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-11-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-07-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"3.4.17"}}