{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:32:12Z","timestamp":1790505132753,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]],"date-time":"2016-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            We have been involved in the field of paleomicrobiology since 1998, when we used dental pulp to identify\n            <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n            as the causative agent of the great plague of Marseille (1720). We recently designed a specific technique, \u201csuicide PCR,\u201d that can prevent contamination. A controversy arose between two teams, with one claiming that DNA must be altered to amplify it and the other group claiming that demographic data did not support the role of\n            <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n            in the Black Death (i.e., the great plague of the Middle Ages). These controversies led us to evaluate other epidemiological models and to propose the body louse as the vector of this pandemic. This proposal was substantiated by experimental models, the recovery of\n            <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n            from lice in the Congo, and the identification of epidemics involving both\n            <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Bartonella quintana<\/jats:italic>\n            (the agent of trench fever, transmitted by the body louse) in ancient corpses from mass graves. Paleomicrobiology has led to a re-evaluation of plague pandemics.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.poh-0001-2014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]],"date-time":"2016-09-27T17:00:23Z","timestamp":1474995623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Personal View of How Paleomicrobiology Aids Our Understanding of the Role of Lice in Plague Pandemics"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Didier","family":"Raoult","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Insert 1095, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houhamdi L Lepidi H Drancourt M Raoult D. 2006. Experimental model to evaluate the human body louse as a vector of plague. J Infect Dis 194: 1589\u20131596. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1086\/508995. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.1086\/508995"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Bercovier M Mollaret HH. 1984. Yersinia p 498\u2013506. In Krieg NR Holt JG (ed) Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology vol 1. Williams & Wilkins Baltimore MD."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drancourt M Houhamdi L Raoult D. 2006. Yersinia pestis as a telluric human ectoparasite-borne organism. Lancet Infect Dis 6: 234\u2013241. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70438-8. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70438-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Simond PL. 1898. La propagation de la peste. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 10: 625\u2013687."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flatau G Lemichez E Gauthier M Chardin P Paris S Fiorentini C Boquet P. 1997. Toxin-induced activation of the G protein p21 Rho by deamidation of glutamine. 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