{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:17:12Z","timestamp":1791299832407,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]],"date-time":"2016-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Cholera is an acute disease of the gastrointestinal tract caused by\n            <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n            . Cholera was localized in Asia until 1817, when a first pandemic spread from India to several other regions of the world. After this appearance, six additional major pandemics occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries, the latest of which originated in Indonesia in the 1960s and is still ongoing. In 1854, a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, was investigated by the English physician John Snow (1813 to 1858). He described the time course of the outbreak, managed to understand its routes of transmission, and suggested effective measures to stop its spread, giving rise to modern infectious disease epidemiology. The germ responsible for cholera was discovered twice: first by the Italian physician Filippo Pacini during an outbreak in Florence, Italy, in 1854, and then independently by Robert Koch in India in 1883, thus favoring the germ theory over the miasma theory of disease. Unlike many other infectious diseases, such as plague, smallpox, and poliomyelitis, cholera persists as a huge public health problem worldwide, even though there are effective methods for its prevention and treatment. The main reasons for its persistence are socioeconomic rather than purely biological; cholera flourishes where there are unsatisfactory hygienic conditions and where a breakdown of already fragile sanitation and health infrastructure occurs because of natural disasters or humanitarian crises.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.poh-0012-2015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]],"date-time":"2016-09-27T17:00:23Z","timestamp":1474995623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Cholera"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Donatella","family":"Lippi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Gotuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saverio","family":"Caini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Heymann DL (ed). 2008. Control of Communicable Disease Manual 19th ed. American Public Health Association (APHA) Washington DC. [PubMed][CrossRef]"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lipp EK Huq A Colwell RR. 2002. Effects of global climate on infectious disease: the cholera model. Clin Microbiol Rev 15: 757\u2013770. [CrossRef]","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.4.757-770.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barua D. 1992. History of cholera p 1\u201335. In Barua D Greenough WB (ed) Cholera . Plenum Publishing New York NY.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9688-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddique AK Cash R. 2014. Cholera outbreaks in the classical biotype era. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 379: 1\u201316. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2013_361"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lacey SW. 1995. Cholera: calamitous past ominous future. Clin Infect Dis 20: 1409\u20131419. 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J Glob Infect Dis 4: 162\u2013171. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.100576"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris JG Jr. 2011. Cholera\u2014modern pandemic disease of ancient lineage. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 2099\u20132104. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1711.111109"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali M Lopez AL You YA Kim YE Sah B Maskery B Clemens J. 2012. The global burden of cholera. Bull World Health Org 90: 209\u2013218A. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.093427"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talavera A P\u00e9rez EM. 2009. Is cholera disease associated with poverty? J Infect Dev Ctries 3: 408\u2013411. [PubMed][CrossRef]","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.410"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"Naseer M Jamali T. 2014. Epidemiology determinants and dynamics of cholera in Pakistan: gaps and prospects for future research. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 24: 855\u2013860. [PubMed]"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lantagne D Balakrish Nair G Lanata CF Cravioto A. 2014. The cholera outbreak in Haiti: where and how did it begin? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 379: 145\u2013164. 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