{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T18:18:01Z","timestamp":1774721881066,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]],"date-time":"2016-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482451200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Spectr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Tuberculous otitis media and mastoiditis, or tuberculous otomastoiditis, is a rare but well-described infectious process occasionally affecting individuals in the United States but more frequently seen in countries where tuberculosis is endemic. Infection may be primary and occur through mucus aspirated through the Eustachian tube. Alternatively, organisms may secondarily infect the nasopharynx when expectorated from the lungs and, less frequently, may be hematogenously spread. Chronic otorrhea and hearing loss are common symptoms, and extensive perforation of the tympanic membranes and facial nerve paralysis are routinely described. Diagnosis is made by direct culture of\n            <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n            , although more recently, molecular techniques have been used. Successful treatment of tuberculous otomastoiditis routinely involves surgical intervention combined with prolonged antituberculosis therapy.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.tnmi7-0020-2016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,12]],"date-time":"2017-01-12T12:30:17Z","timestamp":1484224217000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Tuberculous Otomastoiditis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Hand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121"},{"name":"The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, LA 70121"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George A.","family":"Pankey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"American Thoracic Society. 1981. 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