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Because\n            <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n            represents the most common cause of bacterial prostatitis, we investigated the importance of bacterial virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance in\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            strains causing prostatitis and the potential association of these characteristics with clinical outcomes. A structured literature review revealed that we have limited understanding of the virulence-associated characteristics of\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            causing acute prostatitis. Therefore, we completed a comprehensive microbiological and molecular investigation of a unique strain collection isolated from healthy young men. We also considered new data from an animal model system suggesting certain\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            might prove important in the etiology of chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Our human data suggest that\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            needs multiple pathogenicity-associated traits to overcome anatomic and immune responses in healthy young men without urological risk factors. The phylogenetic background and accumulation of an exceptional repertoire of extraintestinal pathogenic virulence-associated genes indicate that these\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            strains belong to a highly virulent subset of uropathogenic variants. In contrast, antibiotic resistance confers little added advantage to\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            strains in these healthy outpatients. Our animal model data also suggest that certain pathogenic\n            <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n            may be important in the etiology of chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome through mechanisms that are dependent on the host genetic background and the virulence of the bacterial strain.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.uti-0004-2012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,9]],"date-time":"2016-04-09T01:37:48Z","timestamp":1460165868000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Bacterial Prostatitis: Bacterial Virulence, Clinical Outcomes, and New Directions"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"John N.","family":"Krieger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveen","family":"Thumbikat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krieger JN Nyberg L Jr Nickel JC. 1999. 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