{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:03:28Z","timestamp":1793232208095,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RO1AI116946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AI116946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI121517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI121517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>\n            Despite decades of effort,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            infections remain difficult to treat. Over half of the world's population is infected by\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            , which is a major cause of duodenal and gastric ulcers as well as gastric cancer. During chronic infection,\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            localizes within the gastric mucosal layer, including deep within invaginations called glands; thanks to its impressive ability to survive despite the harsh acidic environment, it can persist for the host's lifetime. This ability to survive and persist in the stomach is associated with urease production, chemotactic motility, and the ability to adapt to the fluctuating environment. Additionally, biofilm formation has recently been suggested to play a role in colonization. Biofilms are surface-associated communities of bacteria that are embedded in a hydrated matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. Biofilms pose a substantial health risk and are key contributors to many chronic and recurrent infections. This link between biofilm-associated bacteria and chronic infections likely results from an increased tolerance to conventional antibiotic treatments as well as immune system action. The role of this biofilm mode in antimicrobial treatment failure and\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            survival has yet to be determined. Furthermore, relatively little is known about the\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            biofilm structure or the genes associated with this mode of growth. In this review, therefore, we aim to highlight recent findings concerning\n            <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">H. pylori<\/jats:named-content>\n            biofilms and the molecular mechanism of their formation. Additionally, we discuss the potential roles of biofilms in the failure of antibiotic treatment and in infection recurrence.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00001-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]],"date-time":"2018-05-08T09:44:09Z","timestamp":1525772649000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":212,"title":["Helicobacter pylori Biofilm Formation and Its Potential Role in Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Skander","family":"Hathroubi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Servetas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Windham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7095-5177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Scott","family":"Merrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6265-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen M.","family":"Ottemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0178-86"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro821"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00013-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.54.1.49"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0087"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2857"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i45.8168"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis","author":"Marshall BJ","year":"1983","unstructured":"Marshall BJ, Warren JR. 1983. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet i:1273\u20131275.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori","volume":"61","author":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO","year":"1994","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO. 1994. Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 61:1\u2013241.","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00054-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21731"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1001110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2005.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gassur.2005.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1999.00481.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01369"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01349-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00324-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960100611"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i29.9912"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157488508785747899"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318277577b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1998.tb05283.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.10.3124-3132.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06213.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01740.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0643.2007.00594.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166835"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05165.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-3767.178529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.9.3672-3679.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","first-page":"S32","article-title":"Evidence for viability of coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"34","author":"Mizoguchi H","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mizoguchi H, Fujioka T, Nasu M. 1999. Evidence for viability of coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori. J Gastroenterol 34(Suppl 11):S32\u2013S36.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.03285.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2009.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2014.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00864"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12439"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765x.2000.00699.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.5.1232-1235.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01958-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1712"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01968136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","first-page":"363","volume-title":"Helicobacter pylori: physiology and genetics","author":"Owen RJ","year":"2001","unstructured":"Owen RJ, Taylor DE, Wang G, van Doorn LJ. 2001. Heterogeneity and subtyping, p 363\u2013378. In Mobley HLT, Mendz GL, Hazell SL (ed), Helicobacter pylori: physiology and genetics. ASM Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.6.3429-3435.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2015.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13856"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12205"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2012.00961.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i19.5632"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(00)00582-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02307.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2003.0307"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00827-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.3.1436-1439.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-57"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2009.00556.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.10013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/757941"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425916649676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000317"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01705-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00098-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.02.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2004.tb09643.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.5.2537-2543.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2010.00815.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00379-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.049353-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00246-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46660-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00615"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014220"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00322.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00912-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/mehd.v26.27824"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603395200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02361-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04911.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03925"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05272.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00717-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnv117"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2011.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00729-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2323-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MB-0010-2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00960.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04066-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01984-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1211037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003144"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-004-9583-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.smj.0000182486.39913.da"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03695.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.7.2249-2255.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004450"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R115.645085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.31.67"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Role of mast cells as a trigger of inflammation in Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"50","author":"Yamamoto J","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yamamoto J, Watanabe S, Hirose M, Osada T, Ra C, Sato N. 1999. Role of mast cells as a trigger of inflammation in Helicobacter pylori infection. J Physiol Pharmacol 50:17\u201323.","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.01974.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.4.1755-1762.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S25416"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i30.10338"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4091-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12448"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X11432492"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/38.6.1031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.6.1983-1988.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.05110.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.5.1417-1421.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.5.601"}],"container-title":["Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/MMBR.00001-18","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/MMBR.00001-18","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T03:56:41Z","timestamp":1646711801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/MMBR.00001-18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1128\/MMBR.00001-18"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mmbr.00001-18","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-2172","1098-5557"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-2172","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5557","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-05-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00001-18"}}