{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:47:58Z","timestamp":1790711278419,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":362,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on human latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) based on clinical studies and observations, as well as experimental\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and animal models. Several key terms are defined, including \u201clatency,\u201d \u201cpersistence,\u201d \u201cdormancy,\u201d and \u201cantibiotic tolerance.\u201d Dogmas prevalent in the field are critically examined based on available clinical and experimental data, including the long-held beliefs that infection is either latent or active, that LTBI represents a small population of nonreplicating, \u201cdormant\u201d bacilli, and that caseous granulomas are the haven for LTBI. The role of host factors, such as CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, T regulatory cells, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and gamma interferon (IFN-\u03b3), in controlling TB infection is discussed. We also highlight microbial regulatory and metabolic pathways implicated in bacillary growth restriction and antibiotic tolerance under various physiologically relevant conditions. Finally, we pose several clinically important questions, which remain unanswered and will serve to stimulate future research on LTBI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00010-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,2]],"date-time":"2014-09-02T16:37:01Z","timestamp":1409675821000},"page":"343-371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":224,"title":["Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Myths, Models, and Molecular Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Noton K.","family":"Dutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petros C.","family":"Karakousis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2797"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp021045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1333545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2236-c2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1333544"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1005750"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0820"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-63-1-41"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.2.1.29"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-3879(85)90040-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1104875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)74210-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"257","article-title":"Microbial persistence","volume":"30","author":"McDermott W","year":"1958","unstructured":"McDermottW. 1958. 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