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This bacterium encounters reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species as a consequence of localized inflammatory responses in the urethra of males and endocervix of females and also of the activity of commensal lactobacilli in the vaginal flora. This review describes recent advances in the understanding of defense systems against oxidative stress in\n                      <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and shows that while some of its defenses have similarities to the paradigm established with\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , there are also some key differences. These differences include the presence of a defense system against superoxide based on manganese ions and a glutathione-dependent system for defense against nitric oxide which is under the control of a novel MerR-like transcriptional regulator. An understanding of the defenses against oxidative stress in\n                      <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and their regulation may provide new insights into the ways in which this bacterium survives challenges from polymorphonuclear leukocytes and urogenital epithelial cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00044-05","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,7]],"date-time":"2006-06-07T12:42:30Z","timestamp":1149684150000},"page":"344-361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Defenses against Oxidative Stress in\n                    <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i>\n                    : a System Tailored for a Challenging Environment"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Kate L.","family":"Seib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences &amp; Centre for Metals in Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsing-Ju","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Facilities for Proteomics Research, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Kidd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences &amp; Centre for Metals in Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Apicella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences &amp; Centre for Metals in Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair G.","family":"McEwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences &amp; Centre for Metals in Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10425179509074701"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.5.2138-2140.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.9.1451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6445(03)00055-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.11.2987-2993.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.3.636"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.158.1.1-8.1984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.51.2.631-641.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(82)90120-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.145.1.442-451.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.146.3.928-936.1981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(82)90049-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.115867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.5.1375-1379.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2001.2642"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2003.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.1.276"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.30-37.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-5931(99)80027-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01345.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.11.4599-4606.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)89012-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(91)90147-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2001.5251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","first-page":"288","volume":"1","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bovre, K. 1984. 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