{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:55:23Z","timestamp":1790603723464,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/ASMCopyrightv2"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI162711"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI162711"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1AI143790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AI143790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    <jats:bold>SUMMARY<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a globally prevalent parasitic disease in which tissue pathology often arises primarily from immune-mediated damage rather than uncontrolled parasite replication. Despite effective Th1 responses and the production of IFN-\u03b3, lesions often fail to resolve, highlighting an uncoupling of protective immunity from disease pathogenesis. This review synthesizes evidence from experimental models and human studies demonstrating that skin-intrinsic cytolytic inflammatory circuits\u2014rather than parasite burden\u2014are dominant drivers of lesion persistence and treatment failure in CL. Central to this pathway is the accumulation of cytotoxic CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells within lesions, where perforin-dependent cell death triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1\u03b2 production. IL-1\u03b2 acts as a potent amplifier of inflammation by promoting neutrophil recruitment, tissue injury, and local hypoxia, which further programs pathogenic CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cell differentiation. These responses are exacerbated by alterations of the skin microbiome, particularly the dominance of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and are normally constrained by Foxp3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    regulatory T cells that limit excessive IFN-\u03b3-driven cytotoxicity. In parallel, parasite persistence within permissive macrophage subsets provides a continuous antigenic stimulus that sustains inflammation without achieving sterilizing immunity. Together, these interconnected pathways form a self-reinforcing inflammatory circuit that promotes ulceration, chronic disease, and therapeutic failure. Importantly, this pathogenic network is largely dispensable for parasite control and, therefore, provides multiple targets for host-directed therapies that could complement anti-parasitic drugs and improve clinical outcomes in CL.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00058-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:00:19Z","timestamp":1790600419000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond the parasite: skin-intrinsic cytolytic circuits drive disease in cutaneous leishmaniasis and reveal targets for host-directed therapy"],"prefix":"10.1128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9491-0384","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fernanda O.","family":"Novais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rs6vg23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University","place":["Columbus, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8732-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phillip","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00b30xv10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-025-00663-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030578"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","volume-title":"A nasty tropical skin disease is now endemic in the U.S","author":"Makin S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Makin S. 2023. A nasty tropical skin disease is now endemic in the U.S. Scientific American."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13112485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00814-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11122845"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5599\/admet.2992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0037-86821994000200007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1995.tb00613.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1236952"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo0693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0084-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.3.837-842.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0350-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-879x1998000100020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040172"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003504"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012211"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.594581"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0174-2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.05.106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI177992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00415-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500855"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003970"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201546015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax4204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340526"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02404-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaf042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00985-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621447114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/85321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301022110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01161-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02347-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02352-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2012.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13410"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13272"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI182040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI142765"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37144-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14760"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760170109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.10.6172"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229400"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2016.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030159"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3221"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adh1469"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115624"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003243"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1994.tb00312.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01172.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001533"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.99"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0277-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.3105cm1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966-842x(00)01919-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.683"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.10.1497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.6.1792"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03481.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.9.6139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/152741"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061886"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1733"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12703\/P6-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aaz4415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43588-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.1.217"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.6.1063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.2101-2108.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.2.1141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0036-2024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.867260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1812-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009693"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02388-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0713598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200940115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001703"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042718-041717"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44297-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/596508"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2013.08.269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004992"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400728"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20230558"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01087-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3183"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00504-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00124-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601080"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.04.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03537-23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fowler EA Novais FO. 2026. Acriflavine attenuates inflammatory pathology in cutaneous leishmaniasis independently of parasite control. bioRxiv:2026.06.05.730355. doi:10.64898\/2026.06.05.730355","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.06.05.730355"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201600216X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.07.011"}],"container-title":["Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mmbr.00058-25","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1128\/mmbr.00058-25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:00:22Z","timestamp":1790600422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mmbr.00058-25"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Melissa Bruckner","family":"Lodoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":143,"alternative-id":["10.1128\/mmbr.00058-25"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mmbr.00058-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-2172","1098-5557"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-2172","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-5557","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-09-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e00058-25"}}