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Type F isolates cause food poisoning and nonfoodborne human gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, which most commonly involve type F isolates carrying, respectivefooly, a chromosomal or plasmid-borne\n                    <jats:italic>cpe<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Compared to spores of other\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, spores of type F chromosomal\n                    <jats:italic>cpe<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates often exhibit greater resistance to food environment stresses, likely facilitating their survival in improperly prepared or stored foods. Multiple factors contribute to this spore resistance phenotype, including the production of a variant small acid-soluble protein-4. The pathogenicity of type F isolates involves sporulation-dependent\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    enterotoxin (CPE) production.\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    sporulation is initiated by orphan histidine kinases and sporulation-associated sigma factors that drive\n                    <jats:italic>cpe<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcription. CPE-induced cytotoxicity starts when CPE binds to claudin receptors to form a small complex (which also includes nonreceptor claudins). Approximately six small complexes oligomerize on the host cell plasma membrane surface to form a prepore. CPE molecules in that prepore apparently extend \u03b2-hairpin loops to form a \u03b2-barrel pore, allowing a Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    influx that activates calpain. With low-dose CPE treatment, caspase-3-dependent apoptosis develops, while high-CPE dose treatment induces necroptosis. Those effects cause histologic damage along with fluid and electrolyte losses from the colon and small intestine. Sialidases likely contribute to type F disease by enhancing CPE action and, for NanI-producing nonfoodborne human GI disease isolates, increasing intestinal growth and colonization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00140-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T09:08:36Z","timestamp":1718183316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The biology and pathogenicity of\n                    <i>Clostridium perfringens<\/i>\n                    type F: a common human enteropathogen with a new(ish) name"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Archana","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Mehdizadeh Gohari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Patologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, San Bernardino, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2451-5140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce A.","family":"McClane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"465","volume-title":"Food microbiology: fundamentals and frontiers","author":"McClane BA","year":"2013","unstructured":"McClane BA, Robertson SL, Li J. 2013. 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