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To commemorate the 150\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    anniversary of its publication, this article will review the history of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , from its evolutionary origins to recent advancements in understanding its pathogenesis. For millions of years,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    existed in the environment as a unique pathogen whose lifestyle was heavily reliant on causing lethal disease in mammalian hosts. Beginning around 10,000 years ago, anthrax outbreaks have caused terrifying disease in humans and have wreaked havoc on livestock. The efforts to understand, treat, and prevent this disease have produced major breakthroughs in microbiology, medicine, and agriculture. In the modern era, despite still threatening livestock populations, \u201canthrax\u201d has taken on a new meaning as a feared agent of bioterror. Continued scientific investigation into\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is not only critical in the prevention of the disease, but it promises to reveal new discoveries about the microbial world and its interactions with human hosts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00274-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:40:45Z","timestamp":1787661645000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    : biological origins and impact on human history"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8274-8295","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Owen S.","family":"Burroughs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University 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