{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:03:33Z","timestamp":1785423813239,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Food Research Institute"},{"name":"Deibel Fellowship"},{"name":"SciMed GRS Fellowship"},{"name":"NIH","award":["R01-AI172874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI172874"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mSphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Intestinal protists represent an underappreciated yet functionally significant component of the human gut microbiome. Historically dismissed as parasites or transient contaminants, many of these microbial eukaryotes, particularly\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., are now recognized as integral to gut ecosystem function and host immune homeostasis. This review examines the complex roles of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in the mammalian gut, positioning them as dynamic microbiome \u201clandscapers\u201d that influence host-pathogen interactions, immune tone, and microbial diversity. We explore the evolutionary adaptation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      to the gut\u2019s anaerobic and immunologically active environment, highlighting both pathogenic (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and non-pathogenic species (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. dispar<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and their distinct immunomodulatory strategies. Special attention is given to the host immune responses shaped by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. histolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                      , including inflammasome activation, macrophage polarization, and suppression of protective type-2 responses. The review also details\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2019s interactions with the gut microbiota, emphasizing their capacity for selective bacterial predation, disruption or enhancement of microbial community structure, and synergistic or antagonistic relationships with commensals and pathogens alike. Methodological challenges in protist detection, genome annotation, and cultivation are discussed, alongside promising advances in sequencing, host DNA depletion, and animal modeling. Taken together, current evidence reframes\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. not as mere pathogens but as key ecological players whose presence can signal resilience or susceptibility within the gut ecosystem. Understanding the context-dependent functions of intestinal protists may offer new insights into microbial therapeutics, immune modulation, and disease prevention strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00011-26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T13:01:14Z","timestamp":1781010074000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Contributions of intestinal protists on the human gut landscape through the lens of\n                    <i>Entamoeba<\/i>\n                    spp."],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6247-1252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marienela Y.","family":"Heredia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001p3qb93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001p3qb93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Cellular & Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9362-8088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura J.","family":"Knoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001p3qb93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison","place":["Madison, 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