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HIV-1 infection is frequently accompanied by infection with other pathogenic viruses. We demonstrate that coinfection of cells by HIV-1 and HTLV-1 can lead to production of HIV-1 pseudotyped with HTLV-1 Env that is able to directly infect female genital epithelial cells both<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>. Given the function of these epithelial cells as genital mucosal barriers to pathogenic virus transmission, the ability of HIV-1 pseudotyped with HTLV-1 Env to directly infect female genital epithelial cells represents a possible factor for increased risk of sexual transmission of HIV-1. This mechanism could be especially impactful in settings such as Sub-Saharan Africa and South America, where HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are both highly prevalent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00038-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]],"date-time":"2018-04-03T12:54:40Z","timestamp":1522760080000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pseudotyping of HIV-1 with Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 (HTLV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein during HIV-1\u2013HTLV-1 Coinfection Facilitates Direct HIV-1 Infection of Female Genital Epithelial Cells: Implications for Sexual Transmission of HIV-1"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Yuyang","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvin M.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Petrechko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franklin J.","family":"Nouvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie D.","family":"Sweet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuetsu","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian S.","family":"Imbiakha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guochun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California\u2014Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Anastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E. 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